1. Fig 13-1 Figure: 13-01 Caption:
A comparison of the components in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome.

2. Fig 13-2 Figure: 13-02 Caption:
Unusual nitrogenous bases found in transfer RNA.

3. Fig 13-3 Figure: 13-03 Caption:
Holley’s two-dimensional cloverleaf model of transfer RNA.

4. Fig 13-4 Figure: 13-04 Caption:
A three-dimensional model of transfer RNA.

5. Fig 13-5 Figure: 13-05 Caption:
Steps involved in charging tRNA. The “x” denotes that for each amino acid only the corresponding specific tRNA and specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme are involved in the charging process.

6. Fig 13-6 Figure: 13-06_a Caption:
Initiation of translation. The components are depicted at the top of the figure.

7. Fig 13-6
Figure: 13-06_b
Caption:
Initiation of translation.

8. Fig 13-7 Figure: 13-07_a Caption:
Elongation of the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

9. Fig 13-7 Figure: 13-07_b Caption:
Elongation of the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

10. Fig 13-7 Figure: 13-07_c Caption:
Elongation of the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

11. Fig 13-8 Figure: 13-08 Caption:
Termination of the process of translation.

12. Fig 13-10 Figure: 13-10 Caption:
Metabolic pathway involving phenylalanine and tyrosine. Various metabolic blocks resulting from mutations lead to the disorders phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, albinism, and tyrosinemia.

13. Fig 13-11 Figure: 13-11_a Caption:
Induction, isolation, and characterization of a nutritional auxotrophic mutation in Neurospora. In (a), most conidia are not affected, but one conidium (shown in red) contains such a mutation.

14. Fig 13-11 Figure: 13-11_b Caption:
Induction, isolation, and characterization of a nutritional auxotrophic mutation in Neurospora. In (b), the precise nature of the mutation is determined to involve the biosynthesis of tyrosine.

15. Fig 13-11 Figure: 13-11_c Caption:
Induction, isolation, and characterization of a nutritional auxotrophic mutation in Neurospora. In (c), the precise nature of the mutation is determined to involve the biosynthesis of tyrosine.

16. Fig 13-12 Figure: 13-12 Caption:
Abbreviated pathway resulting in the biosynthesis of arginine in Neurospora.

17. Fig 13-14 Figure: 13-14 Caption:
Investigation of hemoglobin derived from HbAHbA and HbSHbS individuals using electrophoresis, fingerprinting, and amino acid analysis. Hemoglobin from individuals with sickle-cell anemia (HbSHbS) (a) migrates differently in an electrophoretic field, (b) shows an altered peptide in fingerprint analysis, and (c) shows an altered amino acid, valine, at the sixth position in the  chain. During electrophoresis, heterozygotes (HbAHbS) reveal both forms of hemoglobin.

18. Fig 13-15 Figure: 13-15 Caption:
Demonstration of colinearity between the genetic map of various trpA mutations in E. coli and the affected amino acids in the protein product. The numbers shown between mutations represent linkage distances.

19. Fig 13-22 Figure: 13-22 Caption:
A comparison of the 18 exons making up the gene encoding the LDL receptor protein. The exons are organized into five functional domains and one signal sequence.