1. Periodic Table of Elements how it is arranged how it is used
Science Standard:
Use the periodic table as a model to predict the properties of elements based on patterns of the electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms
Learning Target:
Identify patterns in how the elements are arranged on the periodic table

2. How many protons are there?
How many electrons are there?
How many neutrons are there?

3. Why is the atomic mass
not whole number?

4. What is the same and what is different about these atoms?

5. What is the same and what is different about these atoms?
There are the same number or protons
There are different numbers of neutrons
These are all lithium atoms but they do not all weigh the same

6. Isotopes There are the same number or protons
There are different numbers of neutrons
These are all lithium atoms but they do not all weigh the same

7. What is the same and what is different about these atoms?
What are these atoms?

8. Draw a model of a sodium atom

9. Valence Electrons There is one valence electron
Electrons on the last energy shell (or ring) Can be no more than 8 electrons
There is one valence electron

10. Determine the number of valence electrons for:
Carbon - C

11. Determine the number of shells and the number of valence electrons for:
Carbon - C
2 shells
4 valence
electrons

12. Ne Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence electrons ? Neon

13. Determine the number of shells and the number of valence electrons for:
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?

14. H Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence electrons ? Hydrogen

15. Determine the number of shells and the number of valence electrons for:
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?

16. Be Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence electrons ? Beryllium

17. Determine the number of shells and the number of valence electrons for:
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?

18. S Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence electrons ? Sulfur

19. Periodic Table of Elements how it is arranged how it is used
Science Standard:
Use the periodic table as a model to predict the properties of elements based on patterns of the electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms
Learning Target:
Identify patterns in how the elements are arranged on the periodic table

20. Mendeleev's Original Table

21. Periodic Table Group: vertical column of elements (“family”)
Period: horizontal row of elements

22. Periods Each row is called a “period”
The elements in each period have the same number of shells
1st Period = 1 Shell
2nd Period = 2 Shells
3rd Period = 3 Shells
4th Period = 4 Shells

23. Groups Group 8 = 8 electrons Group 1 = 1 electron
Except for He, it has 2 electrons
Group 2 = 2 electrons
Each column is called a “group”
3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Each element in a group has the same number of electrons in their outer orbital, also known as “shells”.
The electrons in the outer shell are called “valence electrons”

24. Transition Metals
Transition Metals have slightly different rules for shells and valence electrons.
This is something you will learn about in High School Chemistry.

25. Lewis Structures Find your element on the periodic table.
Determine the number of valence electrons.
This is how many electrons you will draw.

26. Lewis Structures Find out which group (column) your element is in.
This will tell you the number of valence electrons your element has.
You will only draw the valence electrons.

27. Groups - Review Group 8 = 8 electrons Group 1 = 1 electron
Except for He, it has 2 electrons
Group 2 = 2 electrons
Each column is called a “group”
3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Each element in a group has the same number of electrons in their outer orbital, also known as “shells”.
The electrons in the outer shell are called “valence electrons”

28. C Lewis Structures Write the element symbol.
Carbon is in the 4th group, so it has 4 valence electrons.
Starting at the right, draw 4 electrons, or dots, counter-clockwise around the element symbol. C

29. C Lewis Structures Check your work.
Using your periodic table, check that Carbon is in the 4th group.
You should have 4 total electrons, or dots, drawn in for Carbon. C

30. C Lewis Structures On your worksheet, try these elements on your own:P Ca Ar Cl Al C

31. H Lewis Structures On your worksheet, try these elements on your own:P Ca Ar Cl Al H

32. P Lewis Structures On your worksheet, try these elements on your own:Ca Ar Cl Al P

33. Ca Lewis Structures On your worksheet, try these elements on your own:P Ca Ar Cl Al Ca

34. Ar Lewis Structures On your worksheet, try these elements on your own:P Ca Ar Cl Al Ar

35. Cl Lewis Structures On your worksheet, try these elements on your own:P Ca Ar Cl Al Cl

36. Al Lewis Structures On your worksheet, try these elements on your own:P Ca Ar Cl Al Al

37. Periodic Groups and Trends

38. Periodic Table Group: vertical column of elements (“family”)
Period: horizontal row of elements

39. Activity: get out your black and white copy of the periodic table.

40. On one side, color and label the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Another name for “metalloid” is “semi-metal”.

41. Color and label the groups/families of elements on the other side of
your paper. Remember to create a legend.
noble gases
Transition metals
alkali metals
halogens
alkaline earth metals
lanthanides
actinides

42. Coloring the Periodic Table Families
Some images are from
2008

43. Families on the Periodic Table
Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.
Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table.

44. ALKALI METALS Group 1 Hydrogen is not a member, it is a non-metal
1 electron in the outer shell
Soft and silvery metals
Very reactive, esp. with water
Conduct electricity
Image:

45. ALKALINE EARTH METALS Group 2 2 electrons in the outer shell
White and malleable
Reactive, but less than Alkali metals
Conduct electricity

46. TRANSITION METALS Groups in the middle
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Some are used for jewelry.
The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell.
Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes.

47. BORON FAMILY Group 3 3 electrons in the outer shell Most are metals
Boron is a metalloid

48. CARBON FAMILY Group 4 4 electrons in the outer shell
Contains metals, metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C)

49. NITROGEN FAMILY Group 5 5 electrons in the outer shell
Can share electrons to form compounds
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals

50. OXYGEN FAMILY Group 6 6 electrons in the outer shell
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals
Reactive

51. Halogens Group 7 7 electrons in the outer shell All are non-metals
Very reactive are often bonded with elements from Group 1

52. Noble Gases Group 8 Exist as gases Non-metals
8 electrons in the outer shell = Full
Helium (He) has only 2 electrons in the outer shell = Full
Not reactive with other elements

53. Rare Earth Metals Some are Radioactive
The rare earths are silver, silvery-white, or gray metals.
Conduct electricity

54. Write your answers on your handout.K
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?

55. Write your answers on your handout.K
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Potassium
4 shells
1 valence electron

56. Potassium

57. Write your answers on your handout.He
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?

58. Write your answers on your handout.He
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Helium
1st Period = 1 shell
8th Group = 2 valence
electrons
Helium is the exception in Group 8.
Since it has just one shell, that shell can only fit 2 electrons instead of 8.
It is in this group because all the elements have a full outer shell.