1. Citations Why do we need to cite? Avoids plagiarism
Shows you used legitimate, credible sources
Establishes ethos for you as a writer
Allows the reader to follow your research

2. Citations When do we need to cite?
Any information found in the research
Direct quotes (author’s actual words)
Paraphrase (your words, but source’s ideas)
Specific data like statistics, examples, evidence, etc.

3. Citations Is there anything not cited?
General knowledge from standard references like the encyclopedia or the dictionary (Jonas Salk invented the polio vaccine)
Your analysis and explanation of the information

4. MLA Style
MLA
MLA (Modern Language Association) humanities, philosophy, literature, cultural studies, religion, art, etc.
Carefully abide by the rules  another way to demonstrate your ethos as a writer  “playing by the rules”
MLA released a new 8th edition in April of 2016, so there have been some changes. Most of them are for the best…

5. MLA
MLA
List of sources used in an MLA style paper is called a “Works Cited” page.
ONLY list sources used in the paper
It is the last page of your paper and should start at the top of a new page in your essay.
It includes a header and a page number like any other page.
12 point Times New Roman font
1” margins and double spaced
Check out the sample “Works Cited” page on the next slide

6. MLA

7. MLA
MLA
Entries are presented in alphabetical order by the author’s last name
More than one text by the same author? Alphabetize within those author’s entries by the title of the text
Texts/sources with no authors? Incorporate them into the alphabetical list based on the title

8. MLA MLA MLA generally provides information in this order:
name of author (last, then first),
title of text/source,
Title of container (title of the journal, magazine, web site title, etc.)
publication information (version, number, publisher, publication date, etc.),
location (web address, DOI, etc. ),
A period is often included after each major section of information listed above.
MLA used to require a date of access and a “Print” or “Web” distinction…not anymore!

9. MLA Other Issues/Rules…
Look around on web pages for author, publisher, and publication date)
Can’t find a date or publisher? Use these abbreviations for MLA…
n.d.  no date of publication given (also for APA)
n.p.  no place of publication given or no publisher given
Abbreviate months of the year except for May, June, and July. For example, “October” is “Oct.”
Omit “business words” like “Co.”, “Company”, “Incorporated” etc.: Random House Publishing is just Random house
University Press is abbreviated to UP

10. MLA Citing Common Sources
A Book by One Author
Authorlastname, Authorfirstname. Title (in italics). Publisher, DatePublished.
Balsamo, Anne. Designing Culture: The Technological Imagination at Work. Duke UP, 2011.
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin Books, 1987.
(MLA used to require the city of publication, but this has also been changed in the 8th edition.)

11. MLA Citing Common Sources
A Book by Two or More Authors
Gane, Nicholas, and David Beer. New Media: The Key Concepts. Vintage Books, 2008.
Gane, Nicholas, David Beer, and Mike Kelly. New Media: The Key Concepts. Vintage Books, 2008.
If you have three or more authors, you can write them all out or you can use "et al." which is Latin for "and others."
Gane, Nicholas, et al. New Media: The Key Concepts. Vintage Books, 2008.

12. MLA Citing Common Sources
Article in a Popular Magazine
Authorlastname, Authorfirstname (or authors). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical (italics or underlined), vol., no. (if available), PublicationDay Month Year, page(s). Location (web address)
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Close Call." Time, 20 Nov. 2001, pp
If you found the source via a database, then include the database in italics after the page number(s) and then the location (web address or DOI :
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Close Call." Time, 20 Nov. 2001, pp EBSCOhost,

13. MLA Citing Common Sources
Article in a Scholarly Journal
Authorlastname, Authorfirstname (or authors). "Title of Article." Title of Journal/Publication, volume., issuenumber., YearPublished, pages.
Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly, vol. 50, no.3, 1994, pp
Again, if you found it via a database, then include the database in italics after the page number(s) and a web address or DOI:
Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, 1994, pp Academic Search Premier,
Note: The CCC databases will provide you with the proper MLA citation. See the video lecture next week for more on this.

14. MLA Citing Common Sources
Citing a Page on a Web Site
Check back….
Check the OWL Purdue web site link for questions about other sources, particularly open web sources.

15. In-Text Citations…
Almost always, the piece of information that appears first in your bibliography (title, author’s name, etc.) is what belongs in your in-text citations
What’s the point of in-text citations?

16. In-Text Citations… MLA
(Author page#) --> Science fiction films "self-consciously foreground their own radical use of special effects" (Glassner 37).
Glassner suggests that science fiction films "self-consciously foreground their own radical use of special effects" (37).

17. In-Text Citations… MLA
No author? Use abbreviated version of the title in parenthesis
"Being an Accountable Researcher." College English Journal. May 2012, pp
Most academics agree that "evaluating web sources for reliability is a crucial skill" ("Being" 25).

18. In-Text Citations… MLA No author or page number?
"Being an Accountable Researcher." College English Journal. May 2012, pp
Most academics agree that "evaluating web sources for reliability is a crucial skill" ("Being").

19. In-Text Citations… General Rules for MLA
1. If you are discussing/paraphrasing ideas from multiple pages, then include those pages. Avoid spanning more than 5 pages in one citation. You want to make it easy for your readers to trace the information you've cited back to the original source.
For example, if you are discussing ideas from p of a book by Emily Wong published in 2002, your citation would look like this: (Wong 120-3)

20. In-Text Citations… General Rules for both MLA and APA
2. Punctuation always goes after the parenthetical source citation --> this goes for both paraphrases and direct quotes
3. If you state the author's name in a phrase/clause before the quotation, then you do not need to restate the author's last name in the in-text citation.
4. If a direct quotation is longer than 4 lines, then the quote should be formatted in what is called a "block quote." Block quote is singe spaced; no quotes around it. (p. 265)

21. Rules and Tips for Direct Quotes
must be exactly the same wording as the original source
Rule # 1: Anything changed for tense consistency or to identify a pronoun should be indicated in brackets
Examples: Rodriguez and Bellanca observe, “In some urban classrooms, children arrive[d]  without any notion of sharing behavior“ (135)
Rodriguez and Bellanca observe, “The policy change will affect [children]“ (135)
(it was "them" before)

22. Rules and Tips for Direct Quotes
Use ellipses when you edit or omit items for clarity
Rodriguez and Bellanca observe that “In some urban classrooms, children arrive without any notion of sharing behavior they may come to school ready to do battle to the death” (135).
*It would only be three if behavior wasn't the end of the sentence.

23. Paraphrasing
Not a summary! Focus on individual pieces of information, not whole arguments or entire articles.
You can use some of the same content words or phrases. Don't change or manipulate the meaning. The sentence style, vocabulary, and phasing should reflect your use of language, not theirs.

24. Plagiarism… Original text
Regardless of the technological advance, man remains part of a dependent upon nature. The necessity of signifying and recognizing this relationship remains, though it may not seem so. The hunter is our agent of awareness. He is not only an observer but a participant and receiver. He knows that man is a member of a natural community and that the process of nature will never become so well understood or controlled that faith will cease to be important.
- Paul Shepard "Fellow Creatures"

25. Plagiarism… Word for word plagiarism
Paul Shepard suggests that the hunter is not only an observer but also a participant and receiver. The hunter knows that man is a member of a natural community and that the process of nature will never become so well understood or controlled that faith will cease to be important.
Plagiarism Paraphrase
Man is dependent upon nature, regardless of the technological advance. Though it doesn't seem like it, the necessity of signifying and recognizing this relationship still remains. Man is not only an observer; he is also a participant and receiver (Shepard 5).