1. Unit 4: The Revolutionary War
CH The War for Independence

2. I. Americans v. British A. British Advantages
Strongest navy in the world
Well-trained army
Wealth
More people

3. B. People Quakers = stayed neutral
Patriots = pro American independence
Loyalist
1 in 5 (3) Americans were a “Loyalist” or a “Tory”
Highest in GA & Carolinas
Weakest in New England
Supported because
Jobs
Fear
Complaints = minor

4. 4. British = support of African Americans
VA gov., Lord Dunmore, promised freedom for fighting
Ben Franklin loyalist turned patriot
Disagreement with NJ royal gov.

5. C. Patriots Advantages Fight on own ground Motivation & purpose
British had “Hessian” mercenaries
George Washington

6. D. The Continental Army DOI = Continental Congress = govt.
No power to collect taxes
Need strong national govt.
Local militia (farmers) = patriot forces
Needed well trained soldiers
Congress est. Continental Army
States recruit soldiers
1 year term
GW & CC ask for 3 year terms

7. Women
Margaret Corbin (PA) went with husband
Took his place when he died in battle
Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley went with husband
“Moll of the Pitcher” or “Molly Pitcher”
Carried water pitchers to soldiers
Took part in combat?
Annual payment of $40
Deborah Sampson (MASS) joined as a soldier disguised as a man

8. II. Early Campaigns A. Numbers Patriots
Bunker Hill 1775 = 2,200 British v. 1,200 Americans
British
1776 = 32,000 troops cross Atlantic to NY
General Howe thought this would force surrender

9. B. Battle of Long Island August 1776 GW = 20,000 soldiers
Continental Army outnumbered
British now control Brooklyn
Nathan Hale
Disguised as Dutch schoolteacher
Spied on British troops
Caught and hanged
“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country”

10. Patriots couldn’t keep up
British better equipped
Lacked shoes, socks, jackets, blankets
GW retreats
NY becomes Loyalist stronghold
GW & troops chased to NJ & PA

11. C. Winter Continental Army = >5,000 soldiers
Completed terms or ran off
GW begged for more time
Free African Americans who enlist?
Idea opposed by Americans
Southern colonies persuade Congress not to = feared AA trained in using guns = revolt

12. D. African Americans in Battle
Soldiers
Needed them
By end of war, every state enlisted African Americans except for SC
~5,000 on Patriot side
Peter Salem
Fought at Concord & Bunker Hill
Won freedom

13. Why fight?
Believed in Patriot cause
Earn money
Freedom

14. E. Battles of Trenton & Princeton
Winter
Patriots struggle GW
Camped in PA across the Delaware River from NJ British camp
Christmas night 1776, GW led 2,400 troops across the river to surprise enemy at Trenton
Escaped & marched to Princeton

15. Gain control of the Hudson River
III. British Strategy
A. 1777, three pronged battle plan
Seize Albany, NY
Gain control of the Hudson River
Cut off New England from the Middle Colonies

16. A. General John Burgoyne
Led troops South from Canada
Lt. Colonel Barry St. Leger moved east from Lake Ontario
General Howe, more north up the Hudson
These 3 British Forces attack Patriot troops in Albany, NY

17. B. Philadelphia Captured by British
September 1777, Howe wins at Brandywine & Paoli
Howe’s troops capture Philadelphia forcing CC to flee

18. C. Battle of Saratoga British plan to take Albany
American soldiers (Benedict Arnold) stopped St. Leger at Fort Stanwix, NY
July = Fort Ticonderoga captured
Forces sent to American supply base in Bennington, VT
Local militia = Green Mountain Boys defeat them
Oct. 17, 1777 – General Burgoyne surrenders