1. Jason Hamel Dr. Rolando Raqueño Dr. John Schott Dr. Minsu Kim
Sensitivity Analysis of Suspended Sediment Inherent Optical Property Effects on Modeled Water Leaving Radiance
Jason Hamel
Dr. Rolando Raqueño
Dr. John Schott
Dr. Minsu Kim

2. Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results
Conclusion

3. Objective
Examine the effect of suspended solids on water leaving radiance
Perform a sensitivity study using a model to determine effect of:
Composition
Particle size
Concentration
Analyze the NIR region to determine cases where normal atmospheric correction methods over water will fail
Tools:
OOPS
Hydrolight

4. 80% 10% 10% Atmosphere to Sensor Air/Water Transition
Signal Sources
Atmosphere
to Sensor
80%
10%
10%
Air/Water Transition
Water/Air Transition
Atmosphere is a big problem (in-water information is only 10% of image)
Upwelling and down welling, cloud plumes effect data
In Water

5. Characteristics of Spectral data
Difference is water characteristic curves can be seen here
Some more green, more brackish, some darker then others
Basis of what we do: what can we tell about water based on it’s spectral characteristics?
Irondequoit Bay
Genesee River
Lake Ontario

6. Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results
Conclusion

7. Water Modeling Hydrolight is our current water modeling tool
To model the radiance leaving the water surface Hydrolight needs defined:
Illumination
Surface wind speed
Water quality parameters
Bottom conditions

8. Water Modeling Water quality parameters
Material components in the water column (typically included is pure water, chlorophyll, suspended solids, and color dissolved organic matter)
Concentration
Absorption coefficient
Scattering coefficient
Scattering phase function
All variables can be defined for wavelength and depth

9. Water Modeling
Ocean Optical Plankton Simulator (OOPS) developed at Cornell
Models absorption and scattering coefficients and the scattering phase function
Generate IOP’s of in-water constituents if basic properties of the materials are known
Can generate test data sets with Hydrolight to analyze how specific constituents effect the water leaving radiance

10. Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results
Conclusion

11. Suspended Solids in OOPS
Basic physical and optical properties needed by OOPS to model IOP’s:
Suspended solids composition
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
Density

12. Suspended Solids Composition
Quartz SiO2
Feldspars
Orthoclase KAlSi3O8
Albite NaAlSi3O8
Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8
Clay minerals
Kaolinite Al4 (OH)8 [Si4O10]
Chlorite (Al, Mg, Fe)3 (OH)2 [(Al,Si}4O10] Mg3 (OH)
Illite (K, H2O) Al2 (H2O, OH)2 [AlSi3O10]
Montmorillonite {(AL2-xMgx) (OH)2 [Si4O10]}-x Nax.n H1O
Calcite/aragonite CaCO3
Opal SiO2 (amorphous)

13. Refractive Indices Quartz 1.544 1.553 Feldspars
Ordinary Ray Extraordinary Ray Tertiary Ray
Quartz
Feldspars
Orthoclase
Albite
Anorthite
Clays
Kaolinite
Chlorite
Illite
Montmorillonite
Calcium Carbonate
Calcite
Aragonite
Opal
From Lide, D. R. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics CRC Press, 84th edition.

14. Refractive Indices
From Gifford, J. W. (1902). The refractive indices of fluorite, quartz, and calcite. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 70:

15. Particle Size Distributions
Will test 3 particle size distributions (PSD):
Junge
Gaussian
Log-Normal

16. Typical Ocean PSD’s
From Simpson, W. R. (1982). Particulate matter in the oceans-sampling methods, concentration, size distribution, and particle dynamics. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 20:

17. Junge PSD’s

18. In Situ PSD’s Measurements made using a Benthos plankton camera
Found 80% of particulate matter in suspension as flocs larger than 100 mm in size
From Eisma, D., et al. (1991). Suspended-matter particle size in some West-European estuaries; Part I: Particle-size distribution. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 28(3):

19. Gaussian PSD’s

20. Log-Normal PSD’s

21. Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results
Conclusion

22. Hydrolight Analysis
Now that some variations of suspended solids are known, Oops can generate various suspend solid IOP’s
These IOP’s can operate as variables in Hydrolight to test the effect different suspended solids have on the water leaving radiance
Since the different IOP’s are of main interest, most Hydrolight inputs will be held constant between runs

23. Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Refractive index
Particle size distribution

24. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
Refractive index
Particle size distribution

25. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution

26. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal

27. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
OOPS

28. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
OOPS

29. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
OOPS

30. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
Concentration
CHL TSS CDOM
OOPS

31. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
Concentration
CHL TSS CDOM
0 10 0
OOPS

32. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
Concentration
CHL TSS CDOM
0 10 0
OOPS

33. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
Concentration
CHL TSS CDOM
0 10 0
OOPS

34. Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution
Process Summary
Composition
Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal
/1.658/Spectral 1.44
Refractive index
Particle size distribution
14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal
Concentration
CHL TSS CDOM
0 10 0
OOPS

35. Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results
Conclusion

36. Original Hydrolight IOP

37. Effect of Composition and PSD

38. Lake Ontario Cases

39. Genesee River Plume Cases

40. Conesus Lake Cases

41. Long Pond Cases

42. Different Minerals, Same PSD and Concentration

43. Different PSD’s, Same Mineral and Concentration

44. Different Concentrations, Same Mineral and PSD

45. NIR Region 170 observations of a Junge
105 observations of a Log-Normal

46. Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured
Albite
0chl, 10tss, 0cdom
Calcite 1.486
Calcite 1.658
Calcite spec
0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss
Kaolinite
4chl, 10tss, 2cdom
Opal
Quartz
6chl, 10tss, 2cdom
62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

47. Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured
Albite
0chl, 10tss, 0cdom
Calcite 1.486
Calcite 1.658
Calcite spec
0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss
Kaolinite
4chl, 10tss, 2cdom
Opal
Quartz
6chl, 10tss, 2cdom
62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

48. Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured
Albite
0chl, 10tss, 0cdom
Calcite 1.486
Calcite 1.658
Calcite spec
0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss
Kaolinite
4chl, 10tss, 2cdom
Opal
Quartz
6chl, 10tss, 2cdom
62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

49. Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured
0chl, 10tss, 0cdom
Albite
0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss
Calcite 1.486
Calcite 1.658
Calcite spec
4chl, 10tss, 2cdom
Kaolinite
6chl, 10tss, 2cdom
Opal
Quartz
62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

50. Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured
0chl, 10tss, 0cdom
0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss
Albite
Calcite 1.486
Calcite 1.658
Calcite spec
4chl, 10tss, 2cdom
6chl, 10tss, 2cdom
Kaolinite
Opal
62chl, 22tss, 6cdom
Quartz

51. Classification
G J L-N UFI
G J L-N UFI
0, 10, 0
0.7, 0.5, 0.5
4, 10, 2
6, 10, 2
62, 22, 6
MaxD 20 band
classmap
K-means max 20
bands classmap

52. Concentration Discrimination
G J L-N UFI
0, 10, 0
0.7, 0.5, 0.5
4, 10, 2
6, 10, 2
62, 22, 6
ENVI N-D Visualizer
Classified Pixels

53. Some PSD and Mineral Discrimination
G J L-N UFI
0, 10, 0
0.7, 0.5, 0.5
4, 10, 2
6, 10, 2
62, 22, 6
ENVI N-D Visualizer
Classified Pixels

54. Conclusions
OOPS and Hydrolight model the water-leaving radiance from water bodies given physical and optical properties of constituents
A database of reflectance curves representative of some case 2 water bodies has been generated
Initial results are following expectations
Mineral composition, PSD, and concentration all have an effect on the water surface reflectance
Situations exist for Log-Normal PSD’s between nm where there is 1-2% surface reflectance that will interfere with normal atmospheric correction attempts