1. SOCI 1010 Day 7 January 3, 2012

2. Agenda Class #7 Attendance Review and finish social revolutions
Chaco Legacy

3. Attendance for Day #7
Write your name and the date (1-4-11) on your card
Hypothesis 1 – IV DV
Hypothesis 2 –

4. Hypothesis 1
Understanding of the changes in the seasons will lead to increased yield in crops planted by citizens of Chaco Canyon. IV DV
Hypothesis 2
Several years of unpredictable weather will lead to unrest in primitive communities.

5. Societies and the Major Social Revolutions

6. What is a Society?
A group of people who share a culture and a territory
Example - United States

7. Hunting and Gathering Societies
Simplest type
People rely on vegetation and game
Small (25-40 people)
Nomadic
Most egalitarian of all societies

8. Societies Branched in One of Two Directions
Key to first branching is pasture - Pastoral Societies are based on pasturing of animals.
Key to second branching is horticulture - Horticulture Societies are based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools.

9. Pastoral Societies Based on the pasturing of animals
Developed in arid areas
Remained nomadic

10. Horticultural Societies
Societies in which people plant gardens for subsistence.
No longer having to abandon an area as the food supply gave out, these groups developed permanent settlements.

11. The Agricultural Revolution
Occurred about five or six thousand years ago
Ushered in by invention of the plow, marking large-scale agricultural production possible, and leading to agrarian societies.

12. Agrarian Societies Based on agriculture More efficient - huge surplus
More complex division of labor
Considerable inequality
Cities develop
Rapid population growth

13. The Industrial Revolution
Began around 1764
Third major social revolution
Ushered in by invention of steam engine

14. Industrial Societies Rely on machines powered by fuels
Increased efficiency of production
Greater surplus
Rapid population increase
Inequality increased at first; later wealth more widely shared

15. The Information Revolution
Emerging new social revolution ushered in by computer chip

16. Postindustrial Societies
Dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods
United States was 1st country to have over half of its work force employed in service industries.

17. Society = A group of people who share a culture and a territory
Culture = the way of life for a given society

18. Components of Culture
Material culture = things, i.e., tools, ornaments, buildings, clothing
Cognitive culture = information, knowledge, values
Normative culture = rules based on values and belief system

19. Components of Culture Material Culture Normative Culture
There are three main components of culture. The material and the two aspects of the non-material culture: the cognitive and the normative. The circles are drawn as over-lapping because the components are so connected to one another. For every thing (ie, toaster) you have to have some cognitive information or knowledge (how to plug it in; where to insert the bread; how to push it down and set the control to achieve the appropriate shade) and some norms or rules (don’t immerse it in water; don’t stick a fork or other metal tool into). Further, if you’re mad at your brother, you should not bonk him on the head with the toaster.
Cognitive Culture
Non Material Culture

20. Chaco Canyon Film: Chaco Legacy
View the accomplishments of their culture
Think about the things the had to use (material culture)
Think about the things they did not have
Imagine their cognitive and normative cultural features

21. Sky-watchers of Chaco 1

22. A center of Anazazi culture
Pueblo Bonito

23. Pueblo Bonito 800 rooms 2000 - 5000 people
one of several large townsites in the Canyon
surplus of subsistence goods
trading and ceremonial center

24. You look across the Canyon to Fajada Butte

25. Fajada Butte 4

26. Midday Summer Solstice5

27. THE SOLAR "CLOCK" Did the stone slabs fall there, or were they placed?
Why mid-day rather than sunrise?
Was the spiral carved first or last?
Can it really plot the cycle of the moon? 6

28. Solstice Window Pueblo Bonito7

29. Other aspects of life in the canyon
the arts
agriculture
religion
astronomy

30. Potters practiced their craft ….

31. Masons perfected the art of building

32. Jackson Stairway

33. Farmers cultivated and irrigated fields

34. Spiritual life flourished

35. Astronomers identified new sites
Sighting the
Crab Nebula 8

36. Examples of Societies
Hunting and gathering (!Kung, Plains Indians – Buffalo culture)
Herding (Bedouins, Laplanders, Navajo)
Horticultural (early Chacoans, Shelmickedmu,)
Agricultural (later Chacoans, pioneer Americans in Nebraska and Iowa)
Industrial (Mexico and many European countries)
Post-Industrial (U.S., Japan, much of Europe)
Once we have an understanding of the the three major components of culture (material, cognitive, and normative), we can compare one level of societal development with another. Throughout history and simultaneously at any point, societies reach various stages or levels of development.
If you watched “The Gods Must be Crazy” for Chapter 1 or if you have seen “Dances with Wolves,” you have observed the subsistence-level culture of hunter/gatherers.
Some cultures have settled in areas with fertile plant growth or with animals (goats, sheep, reindeer) that can be domesticated and herded.
Increased application of technology to farming (plow, irrigation, hybridization of seeds) allow for the development of a surplus and the move into an agricultural level of society. Rural America still functions at this level.
The surplus frees some individuals from the daily necessity to get food and enables them to trade their labors in arts, crafts, teaching, healing or religious work for food or money to purchase food.
This led the way to the development of industrial and post-industrial cultures. See Chapter 14 for more information on modernization, industrialization and urbanization.

37. Hypothesis 1
Understanding of the changes in the seasons will lead to increased yield in crops planted by citizens of Chaco Canyon. IV DV
Hypothesis 2
Several years of unpredictable weather will lead to unrest in primitive communities.

38. Assignment
Culture and Socalization
Read Chapters 2 - 3

39. Chaco Canyon http://www.nps.gov/chcu/photosmultimedia/index.htm