1. English I-A
Second Semester

2. What to expect this semester.
Review of prepositional phrases, infinitives, subjects, verbs, pronouns, agreement, and punctuation.
New Skills: sentence structures, verb tense, and parallel structure.

3. Possessives / Apostrophes
‘s = this signals the possessive – this does not mean contraction when used with a regular noun:
Kim’s going to the store. INCORRECT.
Kim is going to the store.
Kim’s friend is going to the store. This is the correct possessive form.
Contractions – ‘s / he’s / she’s /
it’s (only one used for it is)

4. The soccer team’s from all of the rival schools knows our playbook.
Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb, (infinitive) – check punctuation?
Jane was certainly angered by the rude remark and her facial expression let everyone know how she felt.
The soccer team’s from all of the rival schools knows our playbook.
Bob, Kim and the team feels confident about Saturdays game, because she gets to play first.

5. Tim went to the store for his mother but he forgot to get the milk.
Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb, (infinitive) – punctuation?
Tim went to the store for his mother but he forgot to get the milk.
The mouthy student who is in all of my class’s tempt the teacher each day to kick him out.
Sarah please do not forget to bring the group project and group essay to school tomorrow or everyone will get a zero on their assignment’s.

6. Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb – consider punctuation and agr. / label structures.
Although I went to the mall shopping yesterday I along with my best friends intend on going again today.
The New York Times often report on students who win the national spelling bee even though they may not be from New York.
Don’t forget to remind me to write my paragraph for English class, because I don’t want to attend HEAT after school today.

7. Remember the comma rules?
IC, conjunction IC - The boy ran home, so he was not as late as he thought.
DC, IC - Because the boy ran home, he was not late.
IC; transition, IC - I really enjoy math; however, I don’t like English at all.

8. Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb, correct errors in tense and agreement.
All of the members from the band practices the same music for the competition but they practice in sections.
Either Jane from billing or Thomas from accounts receivable are responsible for the mistake on the budget report last month.
Don’t bother trying to hear what is going on because the audience is just too loud .

9. Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb, correct errors in tense and agreement, watch for punctuation.
While Lee was answering the doorbell the intruder had entered through the bedroom window fortunately he heard the noise and was able to call the police.
Neither my sister Connie nor my brother-in-law Jim are attending the concert tonight at the civic center on Main Street.
Naming the five best movies of last year was easy. Ninety percent of the movies I see is lousy and that leaves only a handful that are even worth considering.

10. Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb, correct errors in tense and agreement, watch for punctuation .
Everybody on the two teams realize that tomorrows opponent will be formidable as a result practice today will be challenging.
Neither Sarah nor Bob plan on attending the banquet, because they both have other plans this weekend.
Even though Jamie and her sister is passing all of her classes she still is not happy with her grades because she knows that she will be grounded if she don’t do better .

11. Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb, correct errors in tense and agreement, watch for punctuation.
After games on Thursdays all of the girls from the team goes bowling and out for dinner at the teams favorite restaurant luckily if the coach was in a good mood he paid for the entire adventure.
While the students where taking the test the fire alarm rang which caused a panic in the room however the teacher assured the class that they could finish the test the next day.

12. Cross out prep phrases, underline the subject, circle the verb, correct errors in tense and agreement, watch for punctuation.
Even though summer is still a few months away I still look forward to the warm weather and bright sun shine.
Each of the athletes on the team want to practice over the weekend because there was a big game on Monday.

13. Check for all skills:
Neither Jess nor Don were happy about the rude remark or the mean facial expression of the new student in Biology class so Don decides to try to talk to the new student to see if maybe she is just nervous.

14. Subject/Verb Agreement...look for missing commas.
Cosmic rays in this room (is, are) striking us right now.
Both the cha-cha and the rumba (is, are) Cuban dances however the salsa is Latin.
The Moonstone the most successful of Collins’s novels (was, were) written in 1868.

15. Sentence Types: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
Simple = also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
Examples:
Some students like to study in the mornings. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

16. Complex Sentence:
Complex = has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. Always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
Examples:
When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. (Adjective clause is the dependent part.)

17. Compound Sentence: Examples:
Compound=A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction. The conjunctions are as follows:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so….FANBOYS
Examples:
Mom was baking cookies, so I stuck around to eat the dough.
John and Bill decided to race their go-carts, but Tom thought racing was too risky.

18. Compound-Complex Sentence:
Compound-complex = this sentence has both elements – two independent clauses along with a dependent clause.
Examples:
*Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.
*We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

19. Janet and Margo decided to go golfing, and Chris was upset that they went without her.
First and foremost, fall is my favorite time of the year.
Although spring is here, it still seems gloomy and winter-like because the rain just doesn’t seem to stop.
Timothy was angry because he missed his bus, and as a result of this, he was sentenced to detention for being late to school.

20. Punctuation/Sentence Structure
When John and Kim meet next week at the conference she will probably find a session to attend that is about finance.
Some of the students from Chemistry attend tutoring on a weekly basis because he or she are trying to pass the AP exam.

21. Punctuation, Sentence Structure Subj/Verb Agreement
All of the athletes from my team wants to win regionals however they need to work harder in practice because the first game is going to be the toughest.

22. Test Time

23. Parallel Structure: Ashley likes to ski, to swim, and to jump.
…is the repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.
Ashley likes to ski, to swim, and to jump.
This is correct and uses parallel structure.
An incorrect version of this sentence would read:
Ashley likes to ski, to swim, and jumping. 

24. Label the following as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex – do you see any problems (Parallel? Punctuation? Agreement?)
Mary who is one of my best designers want to make sure her presentation will creatively inspire the client, will effectively sell the product, and persuaded buyers.
The dog barked, the cat screeched, and the rabbit was chewing on a carrot.
During free time, Joe enjoys singing, running, and to dive but Kim only likes to garden .

25. Label the following as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex – do you see any problems (Parallel? Punctuation? Agreement?)
Tim was considered to be a good employee because he was never late, he was very motivated and he did not lack initiative. 
The following activities can be done at the shopping center: buying groceries, eating lunch and a bill payment center. 
Dogs are great pets for the following reasons: they are loyal, they are loving and because of their obedience. 

26. Consider all rules.
When I was in school science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.
Either you must grant his request, or incur his ill will.

27. Consider all rules.
Martin felt the movie was boring, silly and was too long which made him upset, because he wasted eight dollars to see it.
Mary wanted to make sure she made her presentation creatively, effectively and persuaded others.

28. Consider all rules.
Tim was considered to be a good employee, because he was never late, he was very motivated and he did not lack initiative.  
Dogs are great pets for the following reasons, they are loyal, they are loving and because of their obedience. 

29. The Tenses and AVOIDING Shifts in Verb Tense

30. What is a verb? A verb is one of the basic parts of speech.
Verbs commonly identify the action performed by the subject of the sentence.
kick
jump
study

31. Find the Verbs Wendy plays the French horn in her school orchestra.
Garfield dived into the dish of lasagna.
Billows of smoke began to rise skyward.
The defendant smirked at the judge.
The average snowfall in these mountains leaves an accumulation of two new feet of powder.

32. Find the Verbs Wendy plays the French horn in her school orchestra.
Garfield dived into the dish of lasagna.
Billows of smoke began to rise skyward.
The defendant smirked at the judge.
The average snowfall in these mountains leaves an accumulation of two new feet of powder.

33. What else can a verb do? Not all verbs show action.
Verbs also indicate “state of being.”
We refer to many of the state of being verbs as the “to be” verbs

34. Examples of “To Be” Verbs
Are
Were Is
Will be Am
Would be
Might be
Was
May be
Has been
Had been

35. All verbs have a tense. Verb tense indicates time.
Verbs can show past, present, and future and can also indicate on-going actions.
What is tense?

36. Examples of Tense with Action Verbs
Dance
(present)
Danced
(past)
Will dance
(future)

37. Additional Examples with Action Verbs
Present Perfect:
has panicked
Past Perfect:
had panicked
Future Perfect:
will have panicked

38. Examples of Tense with “To Be” Verbs
Present: The antibiotic is effective.
Past: The antibiotic was effective.
Future: The antibiotic will be effective.

39. Recognizing Tense
Although most people do not need to know the names of the more complex verb tenses, recognizing they exist and seeing the differences in their meaning will help writers avoid writing problems.

40. Additional Examples
Present Perfect: The antibiotic has been effective, and the patient is now well.
Shows an action that started in the past and is continuing into the present.

41. Additional Rules for Present Perfect
Present perfect is used when you are trying to describe an experience, but not a specific event.
I have never been to see that movie.
Present perfect is often used to describe changes that take place over time.
The school board has tried to implement new rules that will help improve student achievement.
Present perfect is used when showing something that is expected to be completed, but is still in progress.
The meat has been cooking for two hours, but it is not yet done.
Present perfect is used when you describe multiple events done in the past that address the same issue. The implication is that actions are still being taken to resolve the issue.
I have seen six doctors for the problem in my throat.

42. Additional Examples
Past Perfect: The antibiotic had been effective by the time the semester started.
Shows an action that was completed before another past action (before school started)

43. Rules: Past Perfect
The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:
The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.
"We were too late. The train had left.“
He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.

44. Additional Examples
Future Perfect: The antibiotic will have been effective before the semester starts.
Shows an action that will have taken place before another action yet to come.

45. Reminder
Remember you don’t need to know all the tense names, but you should learn to recognize inconsistent use of these tenses.
We call this inconsistent verb use an unnecessary “shift in tense” and consider it an error.

46. Changing Tenses
Do not change verb tense in your writing unless you must do so to show a change in time.
March
May
April
June
July

47. A Justified Tense Shift
This afternoon I will see one new movie. Last week I saw two new movies.
Shifting from future tense to past tense reflects the changing viewing times.

48. Unjustified Tense Shift
We walk down Greenwood as the jazz bands began to play.
Can you identify the shift in tense?

49. Unjustified Tense Shift
We walk down Greenwood as the jazz bands began to play.
Walk = present tense
began = past tense

50. The Shift Corrected
We walk down Greenwood as the jazz bands begin to play. (present tense)
We walked down Greenwood as the jazz bands began to play. (past tense)

51. Look for the Tense Shift
Steam rose from the coffee mug. Charlie snatches his hand away as the sides of the mug become even hotter.

52. The Tense Shift
Steam rose from the coffee mug. Charlie snatches his hand away as the sides of the mug become even hotter.
These two words shift from past tense used in the rest of the passage to present tense.

53. Look for the Tense Shift
As Mary looks for a knife in the kitchen, Larry blows out the candles and ran his finger through the frosting.

54. The Tense Shift
As Mary looks for a knife in the kitchen, Larry blows out the candles and ran his finger through the frosting.
This verb shifts from present tense used in most of the passage to past tense.

55. Look for the Tense Shift
Dana swabbed the inside of her cheek with a Q-tip, smears the cells on a glass slide, and then looked at them through the microscope.

56. The Tense Shift
In the neighborhood, the kids play stickball in the street; they sawed off broom handles for bats and borrow garbage can lids for bases.

57. The Tense Shift
To get a clear picture, Larry jiggles the tuning knob, adjusts the horizontal hold, and pointed the antenna out the window.

58. Find the Tense Shifts:
When Tronic Center had a clearance sale, Eric decided to buy a DVR. He thought he could simply plug the machine in and start taping his favorite programs. However, when he drove home, he discovers that connecting the DVR could be complicated and confusing. The directions seem to have been written for an electrical engineer. After three hours of frustration, Eric gave up and calls a TV repair shop for help.

59. Remember . . .
When you cut out inconsistent verbs, you eliminate possible confusion and make your writing smoother.

60. 1. I saw her after she arrived at the game on Saturday.
Underline the verbs. Then correct the errors in verb tense in the following sentences.
1. I saw her after she arrived at the game on Saturday.
2. Robert lived here for six years, but he is moving next week.
3. Usually, the weather warmed up before the baseball season begins.
4. Cheryl drived us to school every day.
5. After the rain stops, Tina asked us to play outside.

61. 1. If you haven’t saw the new movie yet, then you should go tonight.
Underline the verbs. Then correct the errors in verb tense in the following sentences.
1. If you haven’t saw the new movie yet, then you should go tonight.
2. When the neighbor boy comes to my house, he always broke my toys.
3. Sally heard about the fire before her brother called to tell her the news.
4. By the time summer arrives, we will plan our vacation.
5. Jim often spoke about how his dad will give him a job at his office.

62. 1. Whenever I wanted to go fishing, the rain ruins the trip.
Underline the verbs. Then correct the errors in verb tense in the following sentences.
1. Whenever I wanted to go fishing, the rain ruins the trip.
2. After the computer malfunctioned, I have to retype my paper.
3. Before the butterfly lands on the flower, a bee stopped for pollen.
4. The team won every game so far.
5. While Lionel cooks dinner, Tracy gave the baby a bath.

63. I saw him before he left home.
Correction: I had seen him before he left home.

64. I will seen him before his friends arrive.
Correction: I will have seen him before his friends arrive.

65. After we collected twenty-five books on Christmas in other countries, we began our research.
Correction: After we had collected twenty-five books on Christmas in other countries, we began our research.

66. If he would have worked harder, he would have made the honor roll.
Correction: If he had worked harder, he would have made the honor roll.

67. I worked here for six weeks, but I plan to quit next month.
Correction: I have worked here for six weeks, but I plan to quit next month.

68. We will withdraw all of our troops by that time.
Correction: We will have withdrawn all of our troops by that time.

69. The tourist season will begin by the time we arrive in Florida.
Correction: The tourist season will have begun by the time we arrive in Florida.

70. He wait for us after school every day.
Correction: He waits for us after school every day.
(Action is a routine action = present

71. If you haven’t saw the new movie yet, you should go tonight.
Correction: If you haven’t seen the new movie yet, you should go tonight.

72. The team had not lost a game yet this season.
Correction: The team has not lost a game yet this season.

73. If he would have asked me, I would have told him what to do.
Correction: If he had asked me, I would have told him what to do.

74. Billy often talked about how his brother is going to help him to find a job.
Correction: Billy often talked about how his brother was going to help him to find a job.

75. Susan heard about the accident before her parents called her.
Correction: Susan had heard about the accident before her parents called her.

76. Cheryl will learn the results of her test before her vacation starts.
Correction: Cheryl will have learned the results of her test before her vacation starts.

77. Stella lived in the town now for ten years.
Correction: Stella has lived in the town now for ten years.

78. David writes his book report before he had done his math homework.
Correction: David writes his book report before he does his math homework.
Correction: David had written his book report before he did his math homework.

79. Karen did her history project after she practices her trumpet.
Correction: Karen did her history project after she had practiced her trumpet.
Correction: Karen will do her history project after she practices her trumpet.

80. Wanda will write her research paper after she completed her biology project.
Correction: Wanda will write her research paper after she has completed her biology project.

81. By the time that Jerry’s parents flew to Florida, the hurricane will pass.
Correction: By the time that Jerry’s parents flew to Florida, the hurricane had passed.
Correction: By the time that Jerry’s parents fly to Florida, the hurricane will have passed.

82. He ______________ coins for twenty years; therefore, his collection is quite large.
A. has collected
B. had collected
C. collects
D. collected

83. Even though Sarah __________ the contest, she believed her project was unworthy of the honor.
A. has won
B. had won
C. wins
D. won

84. The little girl __________ a beautiful smile even though her two front teeth are missing.
A. had
B. has
C. has had
D. will have had

85. After we _____________ the software on the computer, we discovered that the hard drive was damaged.
installed
have installed
had installed
will have installed

86. My brother _____________ fifteen pounds before his class reunion next month.
A. will lose
B. loses
C. lost
D. will have lost

87. Since our dog ________ away, we ____________ to go to the animal shelter to find a new pet.
A. has run…decided
B. runs…will have decided
C. had run…decided
D. ran…decide

88. At the end of the year, students always _____________ the fun that they ______________ in the summer.
A. anticipated…have
B. anticipate…will have
C. will anticipate…have
D. will anticipate…will have had