1. NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS (Indian tribes) IN TEXAS

2. Native Texans of the GULF COAST
COAHUILTECANS
Kwa–WHEEL– tek-uns
Lived in the dry South Texas Coastal Plains between San Antonio & Corpus Christi.
Hunter-gatherers = used bow & arrows to hunt deer and small animals such as rabbits, javelina, snakes, lizards, armadillos, worms, snails, spiders, insects.
no one animal common enough for steady food source…ate many things!
Women gathered leaves, nuts, cactus fruits, beans of mesquite trees, & roots for food.

3. Native Texans of the GULF COAST
COAHUILTECANS
They were NOMADS
( moved from place to place).
Lived in dome-shaped huts made of skins and brush. (reed mats & hides=easy to move)
They never organized into tribes; lived in many independent “bands”
It was a tough life.
They could run all day without getting tired.

4. Native Texans of the GULF COAST
COAHUILTECANS
Spoke unique languages
Had own religious beliefs; often part of Caddo trade network
1700’s were competing with Apaches for land, food, other resources
Cattle brought by Spanish missionaries eating the plants
To avoid starving, some left for Mexico, others worked for Spanish in missions
Over time, most died from European diseases brought by Spanish

5. Native Texans of the GULF COAST
KARANKAWAS
Ka-RON-ka-wuz
Lived on coast between Corpus Christi and Galveston.
Used dug out canoes along the coast.
Fished in coastal bays
Caught fish with bow & arrows.
Communicated by sending smoke signals!

6. Native Texans of the GULF COAST
KARANKAWAS
Ate snails, clams, and oysters.
Hunted small animals.
Smeared on alligator grease to prevent mosquito bites.
Men pierced lower lip & chest with small pieces of cane.
Tattooed their bodies=men/women
Tall / men wore little clothing
Women’s life especially hard; hunted and household chores

7. Native Texans of the GULF COAST
KARANKAWAS
Came together for defense, religious ceremonies, or other events
Warfare was a fact of life
Suffered greatly from contact with Spanish
Disease and the arrival of American settlers later (1840’s) wiped out the Karankawa.
1858, Anglo group attack wiped out remaining Karankawa.

8. Native Texans of the GULF COAST

9. Why did many Karankawas die after contact with the Spanish?
They were not immune to the diseases from Europe carried by the Spanish

10. Native Texans of EAST TEXAS
Planted crops (pumpkins, beans, corn).
Hunted game ( deer, bears, buffalo).
Built dwellings of timber.
Created crafts (rugs, baskets, pottery)

11. Native Texans of (South) EAST TEXAS
CADDOES
Largest tribe in East Texas.
Lived East Texas along Red River
Huge houses = cone shaped shelter, cane & grass roofs up to 60 feet high diameter; held 8-10 families
Large villages.
Caddo: Included more than 20 groups; were part of large association or union confederacies, or alliances that united for a common purpose
often called “Tejas”, which means friends.

12. Native Texans of (South) EAST TEXAS
CADDOES
The oldest woman in each family controlled the entire family.
Built large mounds for worship and burials.
Farmers – hunters
Major crops: corn, beans, squash, & sunflower seeds
They also hunted deer, bear, and bison for meat.
Most advanced culture of all TX Indians

13. Native Texans of (South) EAST TEXAS
CADDOES (extra info)
Made clothes from buffalo and deerskin.
-Tattooed streaks on their faces
Trade:
Developed a vast trade network from that stretched from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico
-Traded clay pottery and hunting bows for turquoise, shells, & copper

14. Native Texans of (South) EAST TEXAS
ATAKAPANS
Attack-uh-pans
Lived in marshy wetlands; south of Caddo from LA to Galveston Bay.
Hunter-gatherers
Hunted small animals – large reptiles, eating meat & using oil from alligators as insect repellent.
Fished from canoes.
Gathered berries, roots, and shellfish.
Little farming: raised few crops.
Lived in dome-shaped brush huts

15. Native Texans of EAST TEXAS
ALABAMA COUSHATTAS
Ku-SHOT-us
Big Thicket area.
Lived in cabins surrounded by fields.
Plenty of deer, fish, berries, and other food.
Skilled basketmakers.

16. Natives of (South) EAST TEXAS
WICHITAS
Originally from Kansas.
North Central Texas to the Red River
Farmed corn, bean, pumpkins, melons, squash, plum trees.
Hunted buffalo (with horses obtained from other plains Indians)
Skilled with pottery and leather.
Lived in Tipis
Often called “raccoon-eyed”. Men tattoos around eyes
Women: tattooed faces & bodies; zigzag lines, circles & triangles
Shorter & darker than most others

18. What responsibilities did a Caddo woman have?
The Caddo woman was responsible for planting, managing captives, tending children, cooking, and work around the home

19. Native Texans of the PLAINS
Relied on BUFFALO to live.
Food, shelter, clothing, weapons, and food all came from the buffalo.
Hunters ran herds of buffalo off of cliffs to kill them.
Later horses were used for hunting.

20. Native Texans of the PLAINS
Relied on BUFFALO to live.
Roasted and dried the meat.
Pemmican – buffalo meat mixed with berries and nuts.
Used bones to make tools.
Hides made tepees, clothes, shoes, and blankets.

21. Native Texans of the PLAINS
Relied on BUFFALO to live.
They were NOMADS, following buffalo herds.
Used dogs, and later horses, to drag their belongings on sleds.

22. Natives of SOUTHERN PLAINS Region of TEXAS
TONKAWAS
Lived on Edwards Plateau, west of Austin & San Antonio.
Hunters – Gatherers
Hunted buffalo, rabbits, skunk, rats, rattlesnakes, turtles.
Gathered roots, seeds, fruit, acorns, pecans
Caught fish, crawfish, turtles, and clams.
Grass houses - tipis
Later helped settlers fight Comanches.
Eventually merged into Hispanic population, died of disease, or joined other Indian groups.

23. Native Texans of the PLAINS (West & Central Texas)
APACHES
(Not a single tribe but 6 tribes relate by common language)
Panhandle area
LIPAN APACHES hunted and farmed.
Wore deerskin clothing
Fall/Winter: moved, following buffalo
Spring/Summer: women planted & harvested crops
Corn, beans, watermelon, pumpkins
* First Indians to ride horses

24. Native Texans of the PLAINS (West & Central Texas)
APACHES
Lands stretched from El Paso to Pecos River
MESCALERO APACHES raided other tribes.
Hunters/gatherers (did not grow crops)
Survived in TX until 1880’s, forced onto reservation
Wore long leather boots and headbands.

25. Native Texans of the PLAINS
COMANCHES
Originally came from Canada.
First lived in northern Rockies (Wyoming)
Aquired horses from Spanish & Pueblo == Expert horsemen.
Left mountains to hunt buffalo
Hunters-depended on buffalo
Food, clothing, shelter
Arrived: not as a united tribe; came at different times as family groups & bands
Each band had a chief

26. Native Texans of the PLAINS
COMANCHES
1750’s = 2 main groups
Eastern, primarily in Texas
Western, Texas Panhandle
Traded with Pueblo & Caddoes for grain, guns
Fierce warriors—constant at war with Lipans.
Decorated their bodies
Women short hair/men long hair
Lived in tipis
“Lords of the Plains”.
Traders and raiders.

27. Native Texans of the PLAINS
KIOWAS
KEE-uh-wuz
Texas Panhandle
Forged alliance with Comanches & Wichitas
Nomads & buffalo hunters
Rode horses
Lived in Tipis
Painted pictures on tepees.
Beaded crafts.
Developed a calendar.
Major traders, hunters, & raiders
Sundance = religious ceremony; lasted 3-4 days; strengthened the bands bringing them together

29. In what ways did the Comanche depend on the buffalo?
The Comanche used the buffalo meat for food. They also used the hides for shelter and clothing.

30. Puebloan People: Native Texans of the FAR WEST
JUMANOS – Around 1200 AD
Hu-MON-ohs
Lived between the Pecos River & the Rio Grande in the Big Bend area.
One-room ADOBE houses, brightly painted inside.
Farming was hard; gathered wild plants
Farmed: crops beside rivers and streams.
Corn, beans, squash
Traded with Caddoes = received hides, meat, wild nuts & beans

31. Puebloan People: Native Texans of the FAR WEST
TIGUAS
TEEG-wuz
Oldest group of American Indians still living in Texas today
Settled near El Paso.
Called their community “Ysleta del Sur” (Little Island of the South).
Adobe houses
Meat came from deer, rabbit, antelope & other game
Farmed grapes, cotton, corn, tomatoes, squash, beans.
Women & children gathered berries & wild foods

33. LATECOMERS CHEROKEES Arrived in early 1800’s
Fleeing white settlements.
Lived in log cabins.
Used metal tools.

34. LATECOMERS
CHEROKEES
Some Cherokees intermarried with European settlers.
They owned large farms.
Some even owned slaves.

35. LATECOMERS KICKAPOOS Arrived in 1830’s from Great Lakes region.
Hunted and farmed.
Round homes covered by woven mats.
Baskets, buckskin clothing, beadwork.

36. Today: Tiguas have a tiny reservation in El Paso.
Alabama-Coushatta reservation is located in East Texas.
Kickapoos moved onto a reservation near Eagle Pass in the 1980’s.