1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Lesson Objectives
Understand the Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Be able to recognize and define the parts and purpose of basic cellular machinery

3. Vocabulary Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cell Membrane and Cell Wall Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Organelle
Vacuole
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments and Microtubules
Passive Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Molecular Transport
Bulk Transport
Endocytosis and Exocytosis

4. The Cell is the Basic Unit of Life
Cells are VERY tiny units of life. Cannot be seen without a microscope
First discovered by lens maker Robert Hook examining cork
First Single Celled Organisms discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Some organisms are single cell, some are multicellular

5. Prokaryotes –vs- Eukaryotes
Older than Eukaryotes
No nucleus
Simpler Form
Single celled life
Eukaryotes:
More complex
DNA contained in Nucleus
Single Celled Life
Multicellular Life

6. The Cell is a Factory
Cells move chemicals, compounds, and enzymes around their interiors, and then export the products to provide for the functions of life!

7. The Control Center – The Nucleus
Houses the DNA ; The master instructions for the body
Selectively permeable. Some stuff allowed out….very little allowed in.
Allows RNA (Temporary Copies of DNA) to pass out in order to carry out instruction
Present in Eukaryotic Cells only
Small dense region called “nucleolus’ houses the DNA
DNA twisted up into coils called ‘chromatin’

8. The Space - Cytoplasm The liquid space between the parts
Water based, full of all kinds of stuff
Compounds move through the cytoplasm on their way to their final destination
Very busy place, full of:
Proteins
Sugars
Enzymes
Toxins
Fats
Nucleotides

9. The Assembly Lines - Ribosomes
Proteins are built here from amino acids
Stuck together piece by piece from 20 different amino acids
Ribosomes ‘translate’ the genetic message
Based on the DNA sequence, different
proteins will be built
When protein is finished, it is cut loose and
sent on its way to the Golgi Apparatus

10. The Packaging Line – The Golgi Bodies
‘Boxes up’ the proteins for travel
Tags them with chemicals that help move them to the proper destination
Flat, membranous shape
Vesicles ‘pinch off’ from the Golgi
apparatus

11. The Conveyor Belts – Vesicles and Vacuoles
Some proteins/compounds are fragile, and need to be packaged for transport.
Some compounds are harmful, and need to be kept away
Vesicles protect important compounds and get them where they need to be.
Sometimes outside of the cell
Sometimes inside of the cell
Called vacuoles in plant cells
Allows for transport and excretion

12. The Power Plant – The Mitochondria nad Chloroplasts
The bulk of energy production in organisms happens here
LOTS of chemistry going on, that we will get into in the future
Animals have mitochondria, which perform ‘cellular respiration’
Plants have chloroplasts which perform ‘photosynthesis’
Energy for life must be in an ‘available form’

13. The Internal Supports - Cytoskeleton
Composed of protein filaments that give the cell shape
Microtubles – Hollow tubes that flex and bend
Microfilaments – Solid struts that stretch
Which has a stronger cytoskeleton?
Bone cells?
Skin cells?
Which are more flexible?
Muscle Cells?

14. The Fence – Cell Membranes and Cell Walls
Formed from a ‘lipid bilayer’
2 layers of lipid molecule
Water loving end
Water hating end
Allows cell to maintain an internal
environment
Also allows molecular pass through

15. Passive Transport – Diffusion and Osmosis
Molecules will spontaneously go from areas to higher concentration to areas or lower concentration. No energy input required
Osmosis – Molecules move through a surface that only allows one type of molecule through. Selectively permeable

16. Active Transport – Molecular Transport and Bulk Transport