1. South Africa
Resistance to Apartheid

2. Paper 1 scope: Apartheid in South Africa, 1948-1964
Historical Context of South African history
Development of Apartheid after WW II
Resistance to Apartheid
Key Leaders

3. South Africa

5. South Africa: first a Dutch colony
Boers: descendants of Dutch (means farmer in Dutch)
Afrikaans: language spoken by Dutch descendants, people become known as Afrikaners
Boers and Afrikaners often used interchangeably for Dutch descendants as opposed to British descendants (English speaking)

6. History of South Africa British Control
Cape Town became a British colony in 1806
European settlement expanded during the 1820s

7. The Great Trek
Boers leave Cape Colony
Establish the Orange Free State and the Transvaal
This intensified the struggle to control economic resources
Competition between natives, Boers, and British

8. South African driven by mining (gold and diamonds late 19th century)

9. The Boer Wars The Boer fought the British throughout the late 1800s
Boers used guerrilla warfare tactics
The British ultimately won
Formation of Union of South Africa (1910)
Dominion of the British Empire

10. Native Lands Act 1913: Natives confined to 13% of South African lands

11. South Africa gains independence
Statute of Westminster (1931)
Effectively granted independence

12. How are contextual factors important for understanding the development of apartheid?
What historical and contextual factors are important to consider as we study the period
Many tribes, hard to cooperate together— language barriers
African indigenous people did not have as many resources
Brits as imperialist power/wealth—manipulate people (racial manipulation)
Religious differences/Christian Europeans

13. Protest and Rights: South Africa, 1948-1964
Apartheid: Afrikaans words for de jure segregation

14. Apartheid definitions
Petty apartheid (pre-1948): entailed the segregation of public facilities and transportation
Grand apartheid (post-1948): dictated housing and employment opportunities by race.

15. Daniel Malan: Nationalist Party victory (1948)
Daniel Malan won the election and began to put in place a system to formally segregate South African society.
The work was continued by Prime ministers Stijon ( ),
Verwoerd ( )
and Vorster ( )
Verwoerd

16. Grand Apartheid Laws Population Registration Act, 1950:
Registration of everyone according to racial group: white, coloured, black, Asian /
Group Areas Act, 1950
Physical separation between races, especially in urban areas.
Removal of minority group neighborhood in areas designated for whites (for example, destruction of Sophiatown)
Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959
Different racial groups had to live in different areas. Only a small percentage of South Africa was left for black people (who comprised the vast majority) to form their 'homelands'.

17. Bantustan System Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959)
Created Bantustans (‘homelands’)
Allowed for limited local rule
“divide and rule” principle

18. Townships and Forced Removals
Sophiatown—suburb of Johannesburg
Many different peoples lived there
Black ownership of land
Destroyed in 1955, residents had to move to Soweto township
Segregated Townships outside of Cities

19. Separate Amenities Act (1953)
Complete segregation in every aspect of life
Restaurants and other facilities could only serve one race

20. Bantu Education Act Restructured curriculum for Africans
To be trained for manual labor, no academic focus

21. Suppression of Communism Act of 1950
Opponents to apartheid often branded communism
USA supported apartheid as necessary to keep South Africa noncommunist

22. Development of Opposition to Apartheid

23. African National Congress (ANC)
Established in 1912 to promote pan-African rights
Voting rights
Gained more prominence beginning in 1940s from younger members
Led by Albert Luthuli
Zulu Tribal Chief
Nobel Prize Winner, 1961
Authored Let My People Go (1962)

24. The African National Congress (ANC)
Nelson Mandela became president of the ANC Congress Youth League in 1951
Programme of Action: Civil Disobedience to promote civil rights
ANC drastically increased numbers (7,000 to 100,000)

25. Defiance Campaign of early 1950s
Demonstrations
Defiance of Apartheid Laws: attempts to integrate public places
8,000 arrests
Failed to force government into capitulation
Government responded with arbitrary laws
Criminal Law Amendment Act (1953): anyone with a person found guilty of criminal action will be presumed guilty

26. Critical Reflection
Based on the reading the excerpt of Mr. Mandela’s famous speech at the Rivonia Trial (1964), describe Mr. Mandela’s defense argument before he is sentenced.

27. The Freedom Charter (1955)
Congress Alliance: composed of African National Congress, South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress.
Goal: create an ideological foundation to movement
The Freedom Charter
Non-racial South Africa
Focus on human rights
Redistribution of wealth

28. 1950s ANC Commitment to Nonviolent Action
The Freedom Charter declares that:
The people shall govern
All national groups shall have equal rights
The people shall share in the country`s wealth
The land shall be shared among those who work it
All shall be equal before the law
All shall enjoy equal human rights
There shall be work and security
The doors of learning and culture shall be opened
There shall be houses, security and comfort
There shall be peace and friendship

29. 1957 Bus Boycotts Similar to Montgomery Bus Boycotts Mass organization
Government forced to capitulate and reduce fares

30. Treason Trial,
Government Reaction to Congress of the People and Freedom Charter
Charged 156 leaders with high treason
Despite lack of credible evidence, the trial dragged on for 4 years
Result: weakened movement as leaders were forced to spend money on defense

31. Sharpeville 1960: A turning point in the movement
Anti-Pass Campaign: Division on Process
ANC: planned one day of anti-pass marches
PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress): organized massive protests that included marching to police stations and burning passes
20,000 people participated in a non-violent protest in Sharpeville
Highly organized
Leader had sent plans to police beforehand
Police fired onto the crowd, killing 69 and injuring 180

32. Results of Sharpeville
10,000 arrests (including Mandela)
Unlawful Organisations Act
ANC and PAC outlawed
International Reaction:
Prime Minister Macmillan’s speech to SA Parliament (1960): Winds of Change
UN Resolution 134: blamed government for massacre
Albert Luthuli won 1961 Nobel Peace Prize

33. The South African Government sought policy of repression, 1961-1964
Sabotage Act (1962)
Sabotage warranted death penalty
Onus on accused to prove innocence
General Laws Amendment Act (1963)
Can arrest anyone for 90 days without having to bring charges
Bantu Laws Amendment Act (1964)
Any black would be deported from any white area without reason
Militarization of the Police: new infrastructure of spies, radio, and interrogations allowed the police to shut down any ‘threat’ to security

34. Formation of the Umhkonto we Sizwe (MK) (xhosa for Spear of the Nation)
Goals:
sabotage government and economic infrastructure to force government to capitulate
Some sabotage of infrastructure carried out, planning far more. Documents discovered at a house in Rivonia (town near Johannesburg)
(MK– named after Vuyisile Mini and Wilson Khayingo who were hanged after sabotage campaign)

36. Justification for the violence
I had one not-so-pleasant visit from two Americans, editors of the conservative newspaper the Washington Times. They seemed less intent on finding out my views than on proving that I was a Communist and a terrorist. All of their questions were slanted in that direction, and when I reiterated that I was neither a Communist nor a terrorist, they attempted to show that I was not a Christian either by asserting that the Reverend Martin Luther King never resorted to violence. I told them that the conditions in which Martin Luther King struggled were totally different from my own: the United States was a democracy with constitutional guarantees of equal rights that protected nonviolent protest (though there was still prejudice against blacks); South Africa was a police state with a constitution that enshrined inequality and an army that responded to nonviolence with force. I told them that I was a Christian and had always been a Christian. Even Christ, I said, when he was left with no alternative, used force to expel the moneylenders from the temple. He was not a man of violence, but had no choice but to use force against evil. I do not think I persuaded them. (Long Walk to Freedom, p. 315)

37. Justification
“A freedom fighter learns the hard way that it is the oppressor who defines the nature of the struggle, and the oppressed is often left no recourse but to use methods that mirror those of the oppressor. At a certain point, one can only fight fire with fire.” (Long Walk to Freedom, p. 99)

38. The Rivonia Trial ( )
Nelson Mandela was already serving a five year sentence for traveling outside of Africa without a passport and inciting strike
Mandela and seven others sentenced to life in prison for treason

39. Levels of Analysis organizing explanations for the rise and fall of apartheid
What factors supported apartheid?
Malan election
National Party dominance
Prejudice
Repression
SA supported by West as part of Cold War struggle
What factors caused the end of apartheid?
Leadership by Mandela many others, Botha, de Clerk
Effort by ANC and Pan- African Congress
Nonviolent protest
Violent protest
International condemnation
Many sanctions against SA

40. Nelson Mandela becomes President, 1994

41. Videos
Good thirteen minute biography from Nelson Mandela foundation:
People’s Century: Comparison of US/South Africa Civil Rights
Nelson Mandela: Champion of Freedom (7 min)
Rivonia Trial:
Discovery channel biography of Mandela
Documentary from 50s, interview of opponents of apartheid

42. Post-Rivonia Trial , 1965-1975 Era of Repression
Relatively few protests

43. Soweto Uprising End of relative quiet after Rivonia 1976
Soweto– urban township---slum
Issue: Black refusal to have Afrikaans be the language in the schools, instead of English
Police kill demonstrators
Led to demonstrations for the next year

44. 1980s: International Economic Sanctions and Disinvestment
European Union and US impose economic sanctions: no trade/investment
Many private firms stop doing business in SA
International Banks stop investing

45. Nelson Mandela in Prison
Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.

46. South Africa in the 1980s Social Unrest Eases
President FW de Klerk meets Mandela (1989)
Public facilities desegregated
Many ANC activists freed

47. Free Elections First universal elections in 1994
ANC won by an overwhelming majority
Mandela elected President
ANC has been in power ever since

48. Attacking Apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996)
Led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Brands apartheid a crime against humanity
Also finds the ANC accountable for human rights abuses