1. introduction to storage tank
به نام خدا
introduction to storage tank
MD DEPARTMENT

2. Cryogenic storage tank
Table of content
Introduction
Applicable code
Parts of AST
Types of AST
Construction
Typical damages of AST
Cryogenic storage tank

3. Introduction
Storage tanks are a familiar part of our industrial landscape. They are used to store a multitude of different products and come in a range of sizes, from small to truly gigantic.
The ability to store large quantities of liquid and gaseous products was an essential element in the development of a number of industries.
More recently the liquid natural gas (LNG) trade, accounting for the bringing to markets of some 20% of the world’s natural gas, would not be possible without the development of large scale cryogenic storage units at both export and import terminals.

4. Storage Tank Design ATM API 650 P<2.5 Psi BS CODE 2654 EN 14015 LPT
Applicable code
Storage Tank Design
ATM
AWA
API 650
P<2.5 Psi
BS CODE 2654
EN 14015
LPT
API 620
2.5 < P < 15 Psi
EN 14620

5. PARTS OF TANK
Bottom
Shell
Roof
Annular plate
Wind girder
Stairway
Flash type-clean out fitting
Rafter
Girder
Water spray sys.

6. PARTS OF TANK (annular plate)

7. PARTS OF TANK (St.ring, Stairway, Flash type…

8. PARTS OF TANK (water spray sys.)

9. PARTS OF TANK (rafter , girder)

10. Types of above ground steel storage tank
Foundation construction
Shape of the bottom
Type of the foundation construction
Double bottom
Material
Detection
Fixed roof
shape
Supporting
Floating roof
position
construction

11. Types of steel tank (foundation)
Foundation construction
Shape of the bottom
cone up
cone down
flat with slope
flat without slop

12. Types of steel tank (foundation)
Foundation construction
Type of the foundation construction
earth foundations without a ringwall
reinforced concrete ring wall foundation
reinforced concrete slab
1-Compacted: most often used, cheapest, easiest, when soil can bear the pressure & no need anchorage, does not allow good leveling, so uneven settlement can happened,
2- large and heavy tank, important in floating roof, better load distribution, minimizes moisture under the tank,
3- relatively small tank, when the level of underground water is high.

13. Types of steel tank (bottom)
Material ( steel, polymer)
Detection
passive system
continuously activated vacuum system

14. Types of steel tank (fixed roof)
Self-supporting roof
cone roof - they are economical when the volumes are up to m3
dome roof - they are economical when the volumes are bigger than 2 000 m3. Steel dome roof could be applied when the volumes are up to 70 000  m3 ( diameter D < 65 m ).
Supported roof
cone roof – they can be applied in all existing volumes of the tanks;
hanging roof - they are  still experimental.

15. Types of steel tank (fixed roof)

16. Types of steel tank (floating roof)
They are applied when store volatile products and/or the tanks themselves have big volumes
According to their position: - external floating roof - internal floating roof
According to their construction: - single deck floating roof; - double deck floating roof.
For large capacity storage of products with a low vapour pressure, floating roof tanks are often the preferred solution. There are two main types of floating roof tanks.
Single Deck Single deck floating roofs have an annular ring of pontoons providing buoyancy and a single membrane of plates in the centre. These roofs are suitable for most conditions of service except for the very largest diameters. The single deck design can carry higher loads of rain or snow then the double deck.
Double Deck Double deck floating roofs consist of two separate steel membranes with an air space between covering the entire liquid surface. The air space is divided into different compartments guaranteeing the buoyancy even in case of a failure of the lower membrane. They are suitable for all sizes of tanks and especially in areas of constant high winds or high temperatures.
Roof seals The annular space between the floating roof and the shell is filled by a seal to prevent losses of product vapor. Various types of seal are available such as the lip seal metallic pantograph type or foam filled seal.
In view of the environmental concerns it is becoming increasingly common to provide a double seal to reduce the losses to the minimum practicable.
Internal roofs For certain services conditions it is advisable to provide an internal floating deck inside a fixed roof tank. This design reduces the risk of contamination of the product and reduces evaporation losses within a fixed root tank. The internal roof can be either a steel pan type deck, or a sectional deck in aluminum, polyurethane or similar construction. The latter type has the added advantage of being able to be installed as a retrofit in an existing fixed roof tank by installing in through the shell manhole.
Hanging; cover big spans, very light dis:very flexible, complicated construction
erection of the roof is complex and need experience, design complicated , not internal pressure

17. Types of steel tank (floating roof)
To reduce vapor losses
1923 chicago
On 0.7 S.G liquid with puncturing 2 adjacent pontoon remain float.
Central plate: 5 mm, up to d<65 ,
d.deck: more expensive, better insulation because of air between 2 plate, more rigid, is good for d< 10 and d>65.
Guide pole: unti rotation: nb
400 mm smaller than tank ID,
Seal Failures
Incorrect rim space data.
Incorrect material selection for the intended service.
Incorrect seal selection for the tank configuration (ovality, condition of tank shell weld seams etc).
Incorrect installation techniques.
Finally, it is vital that the seal components are manufactured from materials that have been proven in service under all climatic conditions.

18. Types of steel tank (floating roof)
400 mm smaller than tank ID,
Seal Failures
Most Seal failures occur as a result of one or more of the following factors :-
Incorrect rim space data. Most seal specifications will say "nominal rim space 200mm" when the actual rim space is much greater and involves ovality.
Incorrect material selection for the intended service.
Incorrect seal selection for the tank configuration (ovality, condition of tank shell weld seams etc).
Incorrect installation techniques.
Finally, it is vital that the seal components are manufactured from materials that have been proven in service under all climatic conditions.

19. FRANGIBLE roof
A Frangible roof is a roof to shell joint or junction that is weaker than the rest of the tank and will preferentially fail if the tank is over pressurized.
.  Since this junction will fail before any other part of the tank, such as the shell, the bottom, or the shell to bottom joint, the bottom and shell can be relied on to be intact.  Since failure at the roof is in the least damaging mode of failure for a liquid storage tank, liquid chemicals or stored products will probably not be released. The failure mechanisim when a tank with a frangible roof to shell joint is over pressurised this area buckles into a wave shaped pattern and the roof tears away from the top angle rim allowing gases to escape.
Frangible roofs are normally specified as a means of providing emergency relief venting in the situation when a tank is engulfed in fire, or the adjacent tank is on fire, causing rapid vaporisation of the stored product such that the normal venting system cannot cope and the pressure in the tank rises to a point where the roof to shell joint fails.  Consequently although the tank is damaged and the vapours escaping may well ignite, the liquid is retained within the tank shell avoiding burning  liquid in the bund area and further hazard to tanks, equipment and personnel.
For a tank to be considered as having a frangible roof to shell junction the following criteria must be met:-
The strength of the roof to shell junction must be weak enough to meet the criteria of the tank design code in question.
The roof plates must not be welded to the tank roof structure, which normally rules out externally stiffened tank roofs from being considered as being frangible.
The roof plate to curb angle fillet weld must be greater than 5mm.
The roof slope must not be greater than 1:5 for BSEN and 1:6 for API 650 tanks.
For small tanks of less than 15 metres it is not normally possible to make the strength of the compression ring to shell junction weak enough to provide failure before the base to shell or shell its self fails.  Consequently for smaller tanks emergency-venting capacity has to be provided by the use of emergency relief man-ways situated on the tank roof.
In addition to the noted tank design codes further information can be found in EEMUA publication No 'Guide for designers and users on frangible roof joints for fixed roof storage tanks'.

20. sheet by sheet (classical) method lifting method Tank Jacking
Shell CONSTRUCTION
rolls method
sheet by sheet (classical) method
lifting method
Tank Jacking
Roll :quick, bigger weld with machine, max thk for CS: 14 mm, for SS:18 mm
disadv.: heavy and expensive facilities , difficult to achieve as good geometrical form

21. Roof CONSTRUCTION

22. Cathodic protection

23. TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
Hydrotest
Settlement of the tank

24. TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
elephant’s foot buckling

25. TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
floating roof damage

26. TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
Collapse under vacuum

27. GRYOGENIC STORAGE TANK
TYPES OF STORAGE
PRESSURIZED STORAGE
SEMI-REFRIGERATED STORAGE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE STORAGE

28. LIQUFIED GASES BUTANE -0.5 BUTADIENE -4.5 AMMONIA -33 PROPANE -42
PROPYLENE
-47
ETHANE
-88
ETHYLENE
-103
METHANE
-161
LNG
-162
NITROGEN
-195

29. Cryogenic tank code history

30. special parts in a cryogenic TANK
Expansion bellow
Anchor strap
Suspended deck
Cool down nozzle
In tank pump
Insulation
Base heating system
LTD measurement
Level, temperature, density measurement

31. PARTS OF TANK (anchor strap)

32. PARTS OF TANK (heating system)

33. PARTS OF TANK (suspended deck)

34. Insulation MATERIALS Insulation Base Perlite block Mineral wool
Hard wood
Foam glass
Wall
Loose perlite
PUF
Roof
Fiberglass

35. insulation

36. Expansion bellow

37. IN TANK PUMP
The pump motor is cooled directly by the passage of the product liquid for all of the low temperature liquids with the exception of ammonia.
EN 1473: LNG for f,d.s containment shall have in tank pump, shall be no penetration of the primary and secondary container.

38. Types of cryogenic tank
•Containment addresses the question:
What if the tank leaks?
SINGLE CONTAINMENT
DOUBLE CONTAINMENT
FULL CONTAINMENT
MEMBRANE TANK

39. SINGLE CONTAINMENT ⑥ ⑤ ⑦ ① ⑧ ② ④ ③ ⑨ 6 roof (steel)
5 suspended roof (insulated) ⑤
7 loose fill insulation ⑦
8 outer steel shell (not capable of containing liquid) ⑧
1 primary container (steel) ①
2 bottom insulation ②
4 foundation heating system ④
3 foundation ③
9 bund wall ⑨

40. DOUBLE CONTAINMENT ⑦ ⑥ ⑩ ⑧ ① ⑨ ② ③ ⑤ ④ 7 roof (steel)
6 suspended roof (insulated) ⑥
10 cover (rain shield) ⑩
8 loose fill insulation ⑧
9 outer shell (not capable of containing liquid) ⑨
1 primary container (steel) ①
2 secondary container (steel or concrete) ②
3 bottom insulation ③
5 foundation heating system ⑤
4 foundation ④

41. FULL CONTAINMENT 1 primary container (steel)
5 suspended roof (insulated)
2 secondary container (steel)
6 roof (steel)
2 bottom insulation
7 loose fill insulation
3 foundation
8 concrete roof
4 foundation heating system
9 pre-stressed concrete outer tank (secondary container)

42. MEMBRANE TANK Marine gas carriers to LNG carriers.
The membrane solution for low temperature liquid storage is widely used in the fields of marine transport, above ground land based systems and in-ground land based systems.
Fr. Co. SN technigaz developed a S.S membrane sys.
Gaz transport Fr. Co.
These corrugations acted like bellows allowing the membrane to accept the thermal contraction stresses, which would cause tensile failure in a flat membrane
First, land based, SN Technigaz, 1970s, two above ground liquid ethylene tanks
The next move, in-ground, Technigaz membrane.
Common :1.2 mm S.S 304.
Corrugation product: Cold forming or stamping
Insulation: PVC,PUF, mm thk.

43. Cavern storage LNG in below ground caverns
but the behavior of the water, ice and rock surrounding a mined cavern was always an area of uncertainity.
G6ostock Co., Saipem.Technigaz of France and S.K. Engineering & Construction Ltd of South Korea: 110 m3 caverns 20 m under ground
The U.S. government stores its strategic crude reserves in four underground sites, while South Korea leases out its tanks to refiners to be used for strategic purposes
Industry sources say underground caverns, which normally cost more than an above-ground facility of similar capacity, are typically used for barrels that remain in-tank for longer periods and are not traded in and out of tanks rapidly.

44. Foundation type

45. construction and especially the operation of storage facilities.
Ammonia tank
What makes ammonia storage special?
Flammability
Toxicity
Latent heat
Electrical conductivity
Stress corrosion cracking
The truly lethal nature of the gas means that special measures are required for the design,
construction and especially the operation of storage facilities.
flammable limits of between 16% and 25%. it has the relatively high auto ignition temperature of 651 'C and for this reason liquid ammonia storage installations are not regarded as representing significant fire hazards in the same way as is the case for the bulk storage of LPG, ethane, ethylene and LNG.
highly toxic
high latent heat ( kcal/kg as opposed to the next highest listed gas which is methane at kcal/kg)
Electrical conductivity
Liquid ammonia in its pure form has a high dielectric constant. lt
does however have a high affinity for water In addjtion, for reasons
associated with the propensity of carbon steels to suffer
from stress corrosion when in contact with ammonia as described
in Section , water is deliberately added to stored
liquid ammonia. This generally gives a water content of beiween
1000 and 2000 ppm and at this level the liquid will conduct
electricity. The significance of this is that until recenflV it
wasnot possible to develop an in-tank pump for liquid ammonia
serytce.
Conventional in-tank pumps as described in Chapter20foruse
with the other low temperature gases rely on the product liquid
being pumped to both lubricate and cool the pump motor by
flowjng directly through the motoritself. This is clearly not possible
in the case of liquid ammonia. The influence of the lack of
availability of suitable in-tank pumping systems on the containment
systems is discussed in Section 21.3.
Stress corrosion cracking of book

46. Prestressed concrete has become the most commonly used
Concrete storage tank
Prestressed concrete has become the most commonly used
Material for the outer containers of full containment low temperature tanks.
Prestressed concrete has become the most commonly used material for the outer containers of full containment low temperature tanks, both of the conventional 9% nickel steel inner tank type and the membrane type.lt is no surprise that the question was asked "Why not use pre-stressed concrete for the inner tanks?" What is surprising is just how long ago this question was asked and how early the first development and test work aimed at determining the low temperature properties of this material were carried out.
For:
o Cost
. Enables largertanks to be constructed. Current designs are
available uo to 250,000m3.
. lnner wall is stable under seismic axial compressive loadings.
. Concrete and concrete placing skills may provide advantages
in certain geographic areas over 9% nickel steel and
the metalworking skills required. lt mayforexample serve to
maximise the "in country" content work content
. The inner wall is better able to resist the external loadings
from the thermal insulation and may not require a resilient
blanket.
Against:
. Unfamiliar technology despite track record of satisfactory
service.
. Vulnerability of outer tank wire windlng to damage from external
missiles, fire and corrosion.
. The space required for the wire winding machine means
that a wide interspace is required if simulianeous construction
of the tvvo tanks is to be achieved, otherwise the inner
tank must be built and pre-stressed before the outertank is
constructed. This clearly has programme implications.
. Concerns relating to the ability of the shear keys to withstand
high seismic loadings
. Concerns relating to the time required to decommission the
tank for internal insoection, should this be needed.

47. THANK YOU