1. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
VS.
Chapter 11: Industry
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Where is Industry Distributed?
Origin of industry
From cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution
Impact of the Industrial Revolution especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing
Industrial Revolution: Series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Cottage Industries: Manufacturing based in home

3. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Modern concept of industry means the manufacturing of goods in a factory.
Origin: northern England and southern Scotland in second half of 18th century.
Industrial Revolution refers to improvements made in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

4. Where is Industry Distributed?
3 Main Industrial regions
(each account for ¼ of the world’s total industrial output)
Europe
Emerged in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
North America
Industry arrived later but spread faster than in Europe
East Asia
Japan ( s): initially by producing goods that could be sold in large quantity at cut-rate prices to consumers in other countries.
China: has become the 2nd largest manufacturer measured in output and has the largest labor force employed in manufacturing.

5. Industrial Regions VALUE ADDED:
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
Figure 11-3

6. Industrial Areas in Europe

7. Industrial Areas in North America

8. Industrial Areas in East Asia

9. Where is Industry Distributed?

10. Where is Industry Distributed?
BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialized countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs.
As of 2015, the five BRICS countries represent over 3 billion people, or 42% of the world population; all five members are in the top 25 of the world by population, and four are in the top 10. The five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$ trillion, equivalent to approximately 20% of the gross world product, 

11. Why Are Situation Factors Important?
Geographers attempt to explain why one location may prove more profitable for a factory than others.
Companies ordinarily face two geographic costs.
Situation factors – costs associated with the established transportation networks accessible from a specific place.
Site factors – costs resulting from the unique characteristics of a location.

12. Why Are Situation Factors Important?
Proximity to inputs
Bulk-reducing industries (weight-losing)
DEF: An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs
Examples:
Copper
Steel

13. Why Are Situation Factors Important?
Proximity to markets
Bulk-gaining industries (weight-gaining)
DEF: An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs
Examples:
Fabricated metals
Beverage production
Single-market manufacturers: make products sold in on location. i.e. car part factory near automobile manufacturer.
Perishable products: must be located near their markets so their products can reach consumers as rapidly as possible. i.e. bakers, milk bottlers.

14. Why Are Situation Factors Important?
Break-of-Bulk Points
DEF: A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Ship, rail, truck, or air?
The farther something is transported, the lower you want the cost per km/mile
Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four modes
Truck = most often for short-distance travel
Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +)
Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile
Air = most expensive, but very fast

15. Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Alfred Weber ( ) formulated a theory of industrial location in which an industry is located where it can minimize its costs, and therefore maximize its profits. Weber’s least cost theory accounted for the location of a manufacturing plant in terms of the owner’s desire to minimize THREE categories of cost:

16. Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Figures 1-3 show the weight-losing (bulk-reducing) case, in which the weight of the final product is less than the weight of the raw material going into making the product. In Figure 1, the processing plant is located somewhere between the source and the market. The increase in transport cost to the left of the processing plant is the cost of transporting the raw material from its source. The rise in the transportation cost to the right of the processing plant is the cost of transporting the final product. Note the line on the left of the processing plant has a steeper slope than the one on the right.

17. Weber’s Least Cost Theory
The weight gaining (bulk-gaining) case is illustrated in Figures 4- 6, where the final product is heavier than the raw materials that require transport. Usually this is a case of some ubiquitous (available everywhere) raw material such as water being incorporated into the product. The optimal location of the processing plant in this case is at the market. Weber established that firms producing goods less bulky than the raw materials used in their production would settle near to the raw-material source. Firms producing heavier goods would settle near their market. The firm minimizes the weight it has to transport and, thus, its transport costs.

18. CAR MANUFACTUING PLANTS
FIGURE MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN NORTH AMERICA Most vehicles are produced in auto alley. Most U.S.-owned companies are clustered in the north, and most foreign-owned ones in the south.

19. Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important?
Motor Vehicles: Changing Markets
Motor vehicles are built near their markets.
Change in markets influences location of factories.
Final assembly plant of motor vehicles is an example of a bulk-gaining operation.
North America
“auto alley” located in interior of the U.S.
Central Mexico
Europe
Most located in an east-west corridor between the U.K. and Russia.
East Asia
China’s plants located in western China.
Recall, It is critical to locate bulk-gaining operations near the market so that transportation costs are minimized..

20. CAR MANUFACTUING PLANTS
FIGURE MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN NORTH AMERICA Most vehicles are produced in auto alley. Most U.S.-owned companies are clustered in the north, and most foreign-owned ones in the south.

21. Why Are Site Factors Important?
#1 Labor
The most important SITE factor
Labor-intensive industries
DEF: An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
Examples: textiles
Textile and apparel spinning
Textile and apparel weaving
Textile and apparel assembly

22. LABOR AS A SITE FACTOR: MANUFACTURING WAGES
The chart shows average hourly wages for workers in manufacturing in the 14 countries with the largest industrial production in 2010.
FIGURE LABOR AS A SITE FACTOR: MANUFACTURING WAGES The chart shows average hourly wages for workers in manufacturing in the 14 countries with the largest industrial production in 2010.

23. Woven Cotton Fabric Production
Two-thirds of world cotton yarn is produced in China, including by this woman.
FIGURE COTTON SPINNING Two-thirds of world cotton yarn is produced in China, including by this woman.

24. Why Are Site Factors Important?
#2 Land
Rural sites: why? One-story factories: why?
Environmental factors: what?
#3 Capital:
Manufacturers typically borrow funds to establish new factories or expand existing ones.
MDC vs. LDC advantages?
Rostow’s Model…?

25. Time to Chew 15 & 2 With your teammate:
Take two minutes to discuss what we have covered and come up with one question.

26. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?

27. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
Air Pollution
Air pollution is concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air.
Air pollution can block or delay the return of some of the heat leaving Earth, thereby raising its temperatures.
Burning fossil fuels discharges one of the trace gases, carbon dioxide.
CO2 levels in the atmosphere have risen by over 25% in the last 200 years.
Anticipated rise in Earth’s temperature because of rising CO2 levels is called the greenhouse effect.

28. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
FIGURE GLOBAL-SCALE AIR POLLUTION: GLOBAL WARMING AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS, 1880–2010 Since 1880, carbon dioxide concentration has increased by more than one-third, and Earth has warmed by about 1°C (2°F).

29. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
Air Pollution
Potential Implications of Global Warming
Melting of polar ice sheets
Rising sea levels
Shifting of global precipitation patterns
Ozone Depletion
Earth’s ozone layer in the atmosphere protects the planet from dangerous ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted by the sun.
Earth’s protective ozone layer is threatened by pollutants called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
By 2030, all countries have agreed to cease using products containing CFCs.

30. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
Regional-Scale Air Pollution
Air pollution may damage a region’s vegetation and water supply through acid deposition- tiny droplets of sulfuric acid and nitric acid that form from burning fossil fuels and fall to Earth’s surface.
Mixing of acid deposition with water produces acid precipitation that manifests itself as rain, snow, or fog.
Geographers are interested in acid precipitation, because it typically does not fall over where it is emitted.

31. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
REGIONAL-SCALE AIR POLLUTION: ACID DEPOSITION IN THE UNITED STATES
As a result of emissions controls, the rate of acid deposition has declined.
FIGURE REGIONAL-SCALE AIR POLLUTION: ACID DEPOSITION IN THE UNITED STATES As a result of emissions controls, the rate of acid deposition has declined.

32. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
Local-Scale Air Pollution
Air pollution is especially severe in places where emission sources are concentrated, such as in urban areas.
Urban air pollution has three basic components
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Worst urban air pollution occurs when winds are slight, skies are clear, and a temperature inversion exists.
Worst area in the U.S. for concentrations of particulates is in southern California.

33. temperature inversion
A condition in which the temperature of the atmosphere increases with altitude in contrast to the normal decrease with altitude.
When temperature inversion occurs, cold air underlies warmer air at higher altitudes.

34. LOCAL-SCALE AIR POLLUTION: MEXICO CITY SMOG
Downtown Mexico City without smog (top) and with smog (bottom).
FIGURE LOCAL-SCALE AIR POLLUTION: MEXICO CITY SMOG Downtown Mexico City without smog (left) and with smog (right).

36. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
Solid Waste Pollution
About 2 kilograms (4 pounds) of solid waste per person is generated daily in the U.S.
60% from residences
40% from businesses
Paper products account for the largest percentage of solid waste in the U.S.
Using a sanitary landfill is the most common strategy for disposal of solid waste in the U.S.

37. Water pollution

38. Why Does Industry Cause Pollution?
Water Pollution
Sources of water pollution can be divided into two categories.
Point-source pollution enters a body of water at a specific location.
Tend to be smaller in quantity and easier to control
Main sources of pollution are manufacturers and municipal sewage systems.
Nonpoint-source pollution comes from a large, diffuse area.
Usually pollute in greater quantities and harder to control.
Principal nonpoint source is agriculture.
Fertilizers and pesticides spread on fields are carried into rivers and lakes by runoff.

39. Why Are Location Factors Changing?

40. Why Are Location Factors Changing?
Attraction of new industrial regions
Changing industrial distribution within MDCs
Interregional shift within the United States
Right-to-work laws: Some US states have passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.
Southern states have seen a huge shift in industries from the North due to lower costs of labor and land.
Textile production: Moved from the Northeast to the Southeast (mid-1900s)
Interregional shifts in Europe
Convergence shifts: Primarily Eastern and Southern Europe, where incomes lag behind Europe’s average. Cheap labor.
Competitive and employment regions: Primarily Western Europe’s traditional core industrial areas, which have experienced substantial manufacturing job losses in recent years.

41. European Union Structural Funds
The term "convergence regions" steams from the European Union's Regional Policy.
Structural Funds are the main instruments for supporting social and economic restructuring across the EU tackling regional disparities and supporting regional development.

42. Changing U.S. Manufacturing

43. Why Are Location Factors Changing?
Attraction of new industrial regions
International shifts in industry (Wallerstein’s New International Division of Labor): transfer of some types of jobs, those requiring less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
MDCs to LDCs
East Asia
South Asia
Latin America
Maquiladoras: Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.
Outsourcing: A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

44. World Steel Production

45. Global Production

46. Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States

47. Why Are Location Factors Changing?
Renewed attraction of traditional industrial regions
Proximity to skilled labor
Fordist, or mass production: Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
Post-Fordist, or lean production: Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Just-in-time delivery: (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a business return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. Just-in-time production method is also called the Toyota Production System. It is the shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

48. Electronic Computing Manufacturing

49. Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing

50. The End.
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