1. Chapter 13 Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

2. Personality: 4 perspectives
1. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
2. The Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective
Assessing the Self
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
3. The Trait Perspective
Exploring Traits
Assessing Traits
The Big Five Factors
Evaluating the Trait Perspective

3. Personality 4. The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Optimism Versus Pessimism
Assessing Behavior in Situations
Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal Influences
Personal Control
Internal Versus External Locus of Control
Learned Helplessness Versus Personal Control

4. Psychodynamic Perspective
Exploring the Unconscious
The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theories
Assessing Unconscious Processes
OBJECTIVE 2| Explain how Freud’s experiences in private practice led to his theory of psychoanalysis.
Culver Pictures
Sigmund Freud
( )

5. Exploring the Unconscious
A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories.
Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their mind (free association) to tap the unconscious.
OBJECTIVE 3| Discuss Freud’s view of the mind as an iceberg, and explain how he used this image to represent conscious and unconscious regions of the mind.

6. projective tests: seeking unconscious personality
Thematic Apperception Test.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

7. Rorschach Inkblot Test

8. Personality Structure
OBJECTIVE 4| Describe Freud’s view of personality structure, and discuss the interactions of the id, ego and the superego.

9. Psychosexual Stages
During these stages id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones.
Oedipus Complex Electra Complex

10. Ego’s protective ways of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Defense Mechanisms
Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage.
Reaction Formation: in which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex.
Projection: in which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
OBJECTIVE 6| Describe the function of defense mechanisms, and identify six of them.
Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or persons… redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
AND SUBLIMATION

11. Jung believed in the collective unconscious.
The Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung ( )
Jung believed in the collective unconscious.
Adler believed a child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power.
Horney believed in the social aspects childhood growth and development. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer “penis envy.”
Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron
Alfred Adler ( )
OBJECTIVE 7| Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians and psychodynamic theorists with those of Freud’s original theory.
Karen Horney ( )

12. Humanism: The Self-Actualizing Person
OBJECTIVE 10| Summarize Abraham Maslow’s concept of self-actualization, and explain how his ideas illustrate the humanistic perspective.

13. Humanism: Growth and Fulfillment
Carl Rogers also believed in individual's self-actualization tendencies. Unconditional Positive Regard:
“I love you, not your behavior”
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss Carl Roger’s person-centered perspective, and explain the importance of unconditional positive regard.
Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine © Time Warner, Inc.

14. identified 18,000 words representing traits.
3. The Trait Perspective
Examples of Traits
Honest
Dependable
Moody
Impulsive
Excitable
OBJECTIVE 14| Describe the trait and perspective’s contribution to personality research.
Allport & Odbert (1936),
identified 18,000 words representing traits.

15. Personality Trait Dimensions
Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions:
extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.

16. MMPI Test Profile Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders.

18. Personality Tests… Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: good one
INTJ - "Scientist". Most self-confident and pragmatic of all the types. Decisions come very easily. A builder of systems and the applier of theoretical models. 2.1% of total population.
Now for the ones you see online:
Who would you be in the Princess Bride?
Which dead president are you most like?

19. 4. Social-Cognitive perspective Reciprocal Influences
OBJECTIVE 20| Define reciprocal determinism, and explain how it illustrates the social-cognitive perspective.
Stephen Wade/ Allsport/ Getty Images

20. LOC and Learned Helplessness
When unable to avoid repeated aversive events an animal or human learns hopelessness.

21. Positive Psychology: positive psychology signature strengths Values In Action of Strengths Manual. This VIA was formulated after three years of extensive research into various sources such as religion and philosophy. Here is a tabulation of strengths classified under each virtue, Wisdom and Knowledge, Courage, Humanity and Love, Justice, Temperance, and Transcendence (Seligman, 2002). The 25 Wisdom and Knowledge Curiosity/Interest in the World Love of Learning Judgment/Critical Thinking/Open-Mindedness Ingenuity/Originality/Practical Intelligence/Street Smarts Social Intelligence/Personal Intelligence/Emotional Intelligence Perspective Courage Valour and Bravery Perseverance/Industry/Diligence Integrity/Genuineness/Honesty Humanity and Love Kindness and Generosity Loving and Allowing Oneself to Be Loved Justice Citizenship/Duty/Teamwork/Loyalty Fairness and Equity Leadership Temperance Self-Control Prudence/Discretion/Caution Humility and Modesty Transcendence Appreciation of Beauty and Excellence Gratitude Hope/Optimism/Future-Mindedness Spirituality/Sense of Purpose/Faith/Religiousness Forgiveness and Mercy Playfulness and Humour Zest/Passion/Enthusiasm
Martin Seligman

22. Exploring the Self
The self organizes thinking, feelings and actions and is a critical part of our personality.
Possible selves: some we dream and others we dread.
We overestimate how much others evaluate our appearance, performance and blunders (spot-light effect).
Self-reference effect in recall.
OBJECTIVE 25| Explain why psychology has generated so much research on the self, and give three examples of current research on the self.