1. Psychodynamic Theory and Psychoanalysis SEGMUND FREUD 1856-1939 An Austrian Neurologist 1

2. Learning outcomes  To understand the basic concepts these two theories,approches or therapeutic techniques.  Learn and understand human psyche, and personality development process.  To highlight different aspects of mind i.e. the concious,sub conscious and unconscious.  Become able to illustrate both the concepts with real life examples 2

3. Psychodynamic-Behavioral process Psychodynamics, is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. The words psychodynamic and psychoanalytic are often confused. Remember that Freud’s theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers e.g., Jung (1964), Adler (1927) and Erikson (1950).psychoanalyticJungErikson 3

4. History of psychodynamics:  The idea for this came from his first year adviser, Ernst von Brücke at the University of Vienna, who held the view that all living organisms, including humans, are basically energy-systems to which the principle of the conservation of energy applies. Ernst von BrückeUniversity of Vienna  Freud used the Idea of Libido in in contrast to quanta.  The Case studies of Anna O and Little Hans

5. Approaches of psychodynamic perspective towards personality:  Segmund Freud (Theory of personality)  Alfred Adler (Inferiority and Birth order)  Erik Erikson (theory of psychosocial development)  Caral Jung (Analyticale psychology)  John Bowlbay (Attachment Theory)

6. Sigmund Freud: Structural Model of Personality: Study of psychosexual development ◦Stages of Psychosexual Development.  Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)  Anal Stage (18 months to three years)  Phallic Stage (ages three to six)  Latency Stage (age six to puberty)  Genital Stage (puberty on  Structural model of personality(The psyche)  ID  EGO  Superego 6

7. Alfred Adler: Inferiority and Birth order Assumptions:  All of us are born with sense of inferiority  Birth order is major factor in personality development  Difference between Adler and Freud Man is motivated by sex and aggression Man is motivated by social influences & Striving for superiority People have no choice in shaping theory personality. People are largely responsible for who they are. Present behavior is caused by the past experiences. Present behavior is shaped by the future. Emphasis on the Unconscious. People are usually aware of what they are doing.

8. Erik Erikson: Theory of psychosocial development Erikson Stages of psychosocial development Approximate AgePsychosocial Crises Infant-18 MonthsTrust vs Mistrusts 18 months-3yearsAnatomy vs Shame & Doubt 3-5 yearsInitiative vs Guilt 5-13 yearsIndustry vs Inferiority 13-21 yearsIdentity vs Role confusion 21-39 yearsIntimacy vs Isolation 40-65 yearsGenerativity vs Stagnation 65 and olderEgo integrity vs Despair

9. 9 Caral Jung: Analyticale psychology Assumptions:  The psyche tends towards wholeness.  The self is made of Ego,The personal unconscious and the collective Unconcious.  Archytype are composed of dynamic tensions and arise sponteniously in the individual and collective unconcious.  Difference between Freud and Jung AssumptionJungFreud Nature and purpose of the libido. A Generalize source of psychic energy motivating a range of behavior. A source of Psychic energy specific to sexual gratification Nature of the Unconscious A store house of repressed memories specific to the individual and our ancestral past. A store house of unacceptable repressed desires specific to the individual. Cause of behaviorPast experience in addition to future aspiration Past experiences particularly in childhood

10. Some examples of behavior explained by psychodynamic theory  Hand washing  Nail Biting  Fear in an open space  Skin picking  Hair plucking  Counting steps 10

11. Defense mechanism Examples of defense mechanisms that May be used include:  repression  denial  sublimation  projection  displacement  regression 11

12. Advantages  It is a somewhat useful approach. It has practical applications that help people, including allowing psychologists to treat mental disorders through psychotherapy.  It emphasizes the importance of the unconscious in determining our behavior. It can help us to understand the root causes of unusual behaviors.  It often uses case studies, which is strength because it allows for the collection of rich, qualitative data. 12

13. Disadvantages:  Lack of Generalization  Untestable,Unscientific and falsifiable  Methodology of case study may be subjective and open to bias.  Ignore Free Will of human being 13

14. Psychoanalysis- by Segmund Freud (1856- 1939) “Psychoanalysis is actually a method for treating Mental illness and a theory which explain human behavior” Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example “Anxiety origination from traumatic experiences in a person’s past is hidden from unconscious and may cause problems during adulthood (In the form of neuroses)”. 14

15. Psychoanalysis Assumptions: 15  Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological problems as rooted in the unconscious mind.  Clear symptoms are caused by latent (hidden) disturbances.  Typical causes include unresolved issues during development or repressed trauma.  Treatment focuses on bringing the repressed conflict to consciousness, where the client can deal with it.

16. Basic tenets of psychoanalysis: 16  a person's development is determined by often forgotten events in early childhood, rather than by inherited traits alone;  human behavior and cognition are largely determined by instinctual drives that are rooted in the unconscious;  attempts to bring those drives into awareness triggers resistance in the form of defense mechanisms, particularly repression;  conflicts between conscious and unconscious material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety and depression;  unconscious material can be found in dreams and unintentional acts, including mannerisms and slips of the tongue;  liberation from the effects of the unconscious is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind through therapeutic intervention;

17. Freud View of Human Mind There are three level of mind. Freud use the analogy of iceberg to describe the three levels of mind.  The conscious  The preconscious  The unconscious 17

18. Freud's famous tripartite model of the mind (The Psyche):  ID  Ego  Superego 18

19. Some of the benefits of this therapeutic method include:  Psychoanalysis gets to the basic cause of the problem rather than simply addressing its symptoms.  People who don’t respond to conventional therapy or medications sometimes respond to psychoanalysis.  Provides an in-depth insight into the origins of certain thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.  A broad examination of the self, such as that offered by psychoanalysis, can lead to positive growth over time. 19

20. Some of the potential drawbacks of psychoanalysis include:  Certain ideas, especially in psysexuale development stages are outdated.  Patients may find it both painful and unpleasant to discover memories that they have repressed, sometimes for many years.  It is not an appropriate treatment for some mental health problems, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.  It can be both expensive and lengthy, so it requires a deep level of commitment from both patient and therapist. 20

21. Thank you 21