1. DNA & RNA
Unit 7
Chapter 12

2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid

3. Where does DNA “live”?
The NUCLEUS!

4. Why is DNA so Important?
* DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses.
* DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code for making proteins
* DNA’s codes are converted/changed into messages (mRNA) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins.
* Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping us alive

5. What are the parts of DNA?
2 Strands called:
Double Helix
The “Backbone”
Has 2 Parts *
D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR)
P = Phosphate

6. What are the parts of DNA?
“Rungs” *
The Nitrogen Bases
A - T
C - G
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine

7. How to remember Nitrogen Bonds:
A bonds with T
Think: A T & T phone company

8. How to remember Nitrogen Bonds:
C bonds with G
Think: Half circles

9. These are 2 examples of nucleic acids:
Clicker Question #1
These are 2 examples of nucleic acids:
A. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria
B. Carbohydrates & Lipids
C. DNA & RNA
D. Nucleus & Ribosomes

10. DNA holds the instructions for making:
Clicker Question #2
DNA holds the instructions for making:
A. Energy
B. Proteins
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Deoxyribose

11. If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then:
Clicker Question #3
If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then:
A. it also has 80% Guanine
B. it also has 50% Cytosine
C. it also has 80% Adenine
D. it also has 20% Adenine

12. What type of sugar is found in DNA?
Clicker Question #4
What type of sugar is found in DNA?
A. Phosphorous
B. Thymine
C. Ribose
D. Deoxyribose

13. A. DNA B. mRNA C. tRNA D. ATP Clicker Question #5
The DNA’s code is converted into _____ so it can be sent to ribosomes to make the proteins.
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. ATP

14. What are the parts of DNA?*
Nucleotides:
1 Sugar
1 Phosphate
1 Nitrogen Base

15. ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG
Lets Practice: What are the complementary nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA?
ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG
TAA
GCA
ATA
GCA
GAC
TTT
TGC
Yes!
We made DNA!
What did we just do?

16. DNA Replication NUCLEUS Happens during….Synthesis Phase of INTERPHASE.
Where in the cell does DNA Replication happen?
NUCLEUS

17. Steps of DNA Replication
In the Nucleus…
An enzyme unzips and unwinds the DNA double-helix

18. Steps of DNA Replication
Another Enzyme pairs up DNA Nucleotides floating around in the nucleus onto the old DNA strands.

19. Steps of DNA Replication
When the DNA strands are copied – each DNA winds back up into a double helix.
Each new double helix strand contains 1 strand from the original DNA and 1 strand of new the DNA
THIS IS CALLED SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION.

20. Result of DNA Replication
2 new pieces of DNA
Each piece of DNA has 1 strand of the old DNA and 1 strand of the new DNA. This is called “Semiconservative Replication.”

21. After DNA Replication…
The copied DNA strands condense into CHROMOSOMES at the beginning of MITOSIS – during Prophase.

22. Why is mRNA Important? * mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus
* DNA is too big and CAN’T leave the nucleus…it must send messages
* mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus
* mRNA contains the messages from the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins

23. What are the parts of RNA?*
RNA is Made of:
Ribose (SUGAR)
Phosphate (same as DNA)
Nitrogen Bases (A,U, C, G)
Just Like DNA, RNA has:
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
BUT…..
First:
Notice that RNA has 1 Strand!
U stands for Uracil….
a different nitrogen base
NO THYMINE in RNA!!

24. A bonds with U C bonds with G
RNA Nitrogen Bases:
A bonds with U
THYMINE in RNA!!
C bonds with G

25. What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
Clicker Question #6
What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
A. Nucleus, DNA, & RNA
B. Adenine, Thymine, & Cytosine
C. Sugar, Phosphate, & a Nitrogen base
D. Chromosomes, Genes, & DNA

26. A. In the nucleus B. In the cytoplasm C. In the mitochondria
Clicker Question #7
Where is mRNA made?
A. In the nucleus
B. In the cytoplasm
C. In the mitochondria
D. In the ribosomes

27. What type of sugar does RNA have?
Clicker Question #8
What type of sugar does RNA have?
A. Deoxyribose
B. Carbohydrate
C. Ribonucleic acid
D. Ribose

28. Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not have?
Clicker Question #9
Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not have?
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Adenine
D. Cytosine

29. If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then
Clicker Question #10
If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then
A. it also contains 40% Guanine
B. it also contains 60% Thymine
C. it also contains 40% Cytosine
D. it also contains 60% Guanine

30. How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein?
* There are 2 major steps in this process
* First: Transcription
* Second: Translation

31. How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein?
Transcription : Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template.
HINT:
*** Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.***
* mRNA: (messenger RNA) holds the
recipe for making proteins

32. How does Transcription work?
* QUESTION…have you been to court?
* There is a person typing what is said and is creating a “court transcript”…which is really a code…shortened version…and later the transcript is translated into all the words that were said for a record.
SHORTENED CODE = mRNA

33. Transcription Video….

34. Lets Practice: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA?
ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG
UAA
GCA
AUA
GCA
GAC
UUU
UGC
This is mRNA!
We just transcribed DNA into mRNA!

35. What does mRNA do? Clicker Question #11
A. It carries the instructions from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins
B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to the nucleus to make DNA
C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus to the mitochondria to make energy
D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to make energy

36. What is transcription? A. The process of making energy
Clicker Question #12
What is transcription?
A. The process of making energy
B. The process of making proteins
C. The process of making DNA
D. The process of making mRNA

37. We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA
Lets Practice This Again: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA?
ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC
UGU
GCU
AAU
GCC
UAU
GCG
UAG
Now what?
YES!
We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA
What did we just do?

38. ACG ATA CGG CTT Now What?...Translation!
Translation: Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made.
Words to know:
* Codon: 3 base code in DNA or RNA
* Amino Acid: Compounds joined by peptide bonds
to build proteins
ACG ATA CGG CTT
There are 20 different Amino Acids.
* Ribosome: “Reads” mRNA recipes so it can
synthesize/make proteins
Different combination of Amino Acids make different kinds of proteins.

39. Now What?...Translation! More Words to know:
* tRNA: (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that
transports amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
Amino Acid
* Anticodon: Nitrogen bases that can pair that
corresponds with the codons on the mRNA
Anticodon

40. LABEL your Picture tRNA Codon Amino Acid Anticodon Peptide chain/
Protein Chain
tRNA
Amino Acid
Anticodon
Ribosome
Codon

41. Translation Video...

42. Link to Transcription Animation
Click Here

43. Where does translation occur?
Clicker Question #13
Where does translation occur?
A. In the nucleus
B. In the mitochondria
C. In the DNA
D. In the ribosome

44. What is made during translation?
Clicker Question #14
What is made during translation?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. Protein
D. Energy

45. What is another name for polypeptide chain?
Clicker Question #15
What is another name for polypeptide chain?
A. Protein chain
B. Carbohydrate chain
C. Lipid chain
D. Nucleic acid

46. Translating mRNA codes into amino acids to create polypeptid chains (protein chains)
#1. AUG GCA UCC UGA
Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop
#2. AUG CCC GGU UAG
Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop
#3. AUG AAG GUG UGA
Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop

47. What is the amino acid for the following codons?
AAU
Asparagine (Asn)
GUG
Valine (Val)
UGG
Tryptophan (Trp)

48. How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms help biologists?
We can use the sequences to see how organisms are related!
Which of the following two organisms are MOST closely related?
Fish Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine
Lizard Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine
Frog Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Leuicine, Lysine, Lysine
Bird Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Valine

49. The end…
For now…

50. DNA Mutations & Technology

51. What are genetic mutations?
Mutation: Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes.
Causes of mutations include:
* Viruses
* Radiation
* Chemicals
* Errors during mitosis and meiosis and DNA Synthesis
Words to Know
Mutagen – something that causes a mutation
Agent Orange, DEET
Carcinogen – something that causes cancer
Tobacco, uv radiation

52. Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing.
Are mutations harmful?
Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing.
Harmful example:
- Some mutations cause cancer & genetic disorders

53. Are mutations harmful? Helpful example:
- Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria

54. Are mutations harmful? Not harmful or helpful:
- Peppered moths come in dark or light colors

55. Types of Mutations DNA Mutations – happen during DNA Replication
Chromosomal Mutations – happen during MITOSIS and MEIOSIS

56. Types of Mutations DNA Mutations – all occur during replication
Insertion – a base pair is added – Frameshift
Deletion – a base pair is eliminated – Frameshift
Substitution – one base pair for another – POINT
called a point because the entire DNA sequence is NOT affected

57. What a mutation looks like…

58. Which type of mutations are below?
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT CAT ATE THE HAT
THE FAT TCA TAT ETH ERA T
THE FTC ATA TET HER AT

59. Types of Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations – parts of the chromosome get moved around
Insertion – one piece of a chromosome is inserted onto another chromosome
Inversion – order is reversed and flipped
Translocation – section of chromosome is moved
Duplication – section is copied
Deletion – section is eliminated

60. What are some types of mutations?
1. Insertion

61. What are some types of mutations?
2. Deletion

62. What are some types of mutations?
3. Translocation

63. What are some types of mutations?
4. Duplication

64. What are some types of mutations?
4. Inversion

66. DNA Technology – uses in agriculture, medicine and crime-solving

67. How has technology changed DNA?
Genetic Engineering: Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another organism.
Transgenic Organism: Organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.

68. How has technology changed DNA?
Gel Electrophoresis: Process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size.
We use this to see DNA fragments to create a DNA fingerprint
DNA fingerprints have 2 major uses:
Solve crimes
Figuring out “who’s the baby’s daddy”

69. Which of the following are his/her parents?
DNA Fingerprinting
Who did it?
Which of the following are his/her parents?

70. What is the human genome?
Genome: Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism
The Human Genome Project:
* Began in 1990 and completed in 2003
* Found that we have 3 BILLION chemical base pairs
* Used to understand genetic disorders and to them

71. “Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal
What is cloning?
Cloning: Process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced.
“Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal

72. Stem Cells Gene Therapy
Cells that do not have a function yet
Stem cells are found in developing fetuses and bone marrow
Thought is to use stem cells to cure cancers and diseases
Storing stem cells – good or bad?
Bacteria and viruses are used to insert good GENES into sick people
Hopes that the GOOD genes will start working correctly and disable the BAD gene.