1. Gerunds and Gerundives
More Verbals!

2. GERUND: Verbal NOUN

3. GERUNDIVE: Verbal ADJECTIVE

4. Gerunds fill the cases other than nominative:
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
Hearing
Gen.
Audiendi
Of hearing
Dat.
Audiendo
For hearing
Acc.
Audiendum
Abl.
By hearing

5. To form a Gerund: 2nd principal part: AMARE; AUDIRE; drop the –RE
Add –[ie]nd to the stem: AMAND-; AUDIEND-
for –io verbs of 3rd and 4th conjugation, you should end up with –ie- before the –nd- (Add an i or e as needed.)
Add case endings:
Gen: -i  AMANDI; AUDIENDI
Dat: -ō  AMANDO; AUDIENDO
Acc: -um  AMANDUM; AUDIENDUM
Abl: -ō  AMANDO; AUDIENDO

6. Form the Gerund of… Spectare Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Watching Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Spectare
Watching
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Of watching
Dat.
Audiendo -o
For watching
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.
By watching

7. Form the Gerund of… Monēre Nom. Audire [2nd pp] warning Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Monēre
warning
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Of warning
Dat.
Audiendo -o
For warning
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.
By warning

8. Form the Gerund of… Docēre Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Teaching Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Docēre
Teaching
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Of teaching
Dat.
Audiendo -o
For teaching
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
teaching
Abl.
By teaching

9. Form the Gerund of… Legere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Reading Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Legere
Reading
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Of reading
Dat.
Audiendo -o
For reading
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.
By reading

10. Form the Gerund of… navigare Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Sailing Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
navigare
Sailing
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Of sailing
Dat.
Audiendo -o
For sailing
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.
By sailing

11. Form the Gerund of… Vivere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Living Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Vivere
Living
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

12. Form the Gerund of…eo, ire (irregular!)
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Ire
Going
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Eundi
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

13. Form the Gerund of… Loqui Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Speaking Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Loqui
Speaking
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

14. Form the Gerund of… Dormire Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Sleeping Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Dormire
Sleeping
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

15. Form the Gerund of… Scribere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Writing Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Scribere
Writing
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

16. Form the Gerund of… Operari Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Working Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Operari
Working
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

17. Form the Gerund of… Aedificare Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Building Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Aedificare
Building
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

18. Form the Gerund of… Flere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Weeping Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Flere
Weeping
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

19. Form the Gerund of… Ridere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Laughing Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Ridere
Laughing
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

20. Form the Gerund of… Saltare Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Dancing Gen. Audiendi
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Saltare
Dancing
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

21. Form the Gerund of… Colligere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Collecting Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Colligere
Collecting
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

22. Form the Gerund of… Custodire Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Guarding Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Custodire
Guarding
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

23. Form the Gerund of… Tacere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Keeping silent Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Tacere
Keeping silent
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

24. Form the Gerund of… Destruere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Destroying Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Destruere
Destroying
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

25. Form the Gerund of… Occidere Nom. Audire [2nd pp] Killing Gen.
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
[2nd pp]
Occidere
Killing
Gen.
Audiendi -i
Dat.
Audiendo -o
Acc.
Audiendum
-um
Abl.

26. Gerunds in Ecclesiastes
Omnia tempus habent,
Et suis spatiis transeunt universa sub caelo.
Tempus nascendi, et tempus moriendi;
Tempus plantandi; et tempus evellendi quod plantatum est.
Tempus occidendi, et tempus sanandi;
Tempus destruendi, et tempus aedificandi.

27. Tempus flendi, et tempus ridendi;
Tempus plangendi, et tempus saltandi.
Tempus spargendi lapides et tempus colligendi,
Tempus amplexandi, et tempus longe fieri ab amplexibus.
Tempus acquirendi, et tempus perdendi;
Tempus custodiendi, et tempus abiciendi.

28. Tempus scindendi, et tempus consuendi;
Tempus tacendi, et tempus loquendi.
Tempus dilectionis, et tempus odii;
Tempus belli, et tempus pacis.

29. Gerundive = Verbal Adjective
Gerundive = Future PASSIVE Participle
30 forms (adjective –us, -a, -um chart)
How to form it:
2nd principal part
Drop –re
Add –ndus, -nda, -ndum, etc.
vocarevocandus, vocanda, vocandum, etc.
Translate: “to be [verb]ed”
vocandus: “[about] to be called”
Puerum a matre vocandum vidi. I saw the boy about to be called by his mother.

30. Gerundive Derivatives
tremendous
memorandum
Amanda
reverend
agenda
addenda
legend
corrigenda
referendum
propaganda
to be respected
to be read
to be corrected
to be feared
to be brought back
to be added
to be loved
to be extended
to be remembered
to be done

31. Future Passive Periphrastic
By Magistra Candy Baehr
To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”
Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-i-dundive
You just take a form of SUM and then add the Gerundive
Use for obligation or necessity:
“Future Passive Periphrastic must be learned by me!”

32. Future Passive Periphrastic
Gerundive plus a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus
Translate “must be [verb]ed”
Use DATIVE to show agent (“by whom” it must be done)
Liber mihi legendus est.
liber = the book
legendus est = must be read (Future Pass. Peri.)
mihi = by me (Dative of Agent)
Use neuter nom sing gerundive to make it impersonal: “it must be [verb]ed”
agendum est = it must be done
mihi agendum est = it must be done by me  I must do it

33. Future Passive Periphrastic
By Magistra Candy Baehr
To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”
Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-i-dundive
You just take a form of SUM and then add the Gerundive
Use for obligation or necessity:
“Future Passive Periphrastic must be learned by me!”

34. Translate Gerundives!
Cogenda mens est ut incipiat. The mind ____________ to begin.
Haec non tangenda sunt. These things _____________________.
Rex civibus est timendus. A king ______________ by the citizens.
Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. It ______ that there be a sound mind in a sound body.
Utendum est aetate; cito pede labitur aetas. Time ___________; a lifetime slips by on a swift foot.

35. Translate Gerundives!
Pro urbe et deis est certandum. For city and gods _______________.
De gustibus non est disputandum. Concerning tastes, _____________.
Bellum nec timendum nec provocandum est. War neither ___________ nor ___________.
Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libro pulsanda [est] tellus… Now one ____________, one must __________ the earth with dancing foot…

36. Dative of Agent
If there is a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus with a gerundive, that’s the Future Passive Periphrastic. Translate as “must be [verb]ed.”
With the FPP, a dative noun/pronoun is the Agent. Translate as “by ____”.
E.G.: Multi libri Ciceroni legendi erant.
Many books had to be read by Cicero.
Cicero had to read many books.

37. Translate with FPP and Dative of Agent…
Arma mihi invenienda sunt. _____ have to find _______________.
Hic ritus omnibus spectandus erat. This ceremony had to be ________ by ____
Urbs uni puero servanda est. __________ must save the ____________.
Oraculum regi consulendum erit. ________ will have to be consulted by _____.

38. Gerundive of Purpose ad [noun] [gerundive] [noun] [gerundive] causā
[noun] [gerundive] gratiā
Romam veniunt ad ludos spectandos. ludorum spectandorum causā. ludorum spectandorum gratiā.
They come to Rome to see the games.
N.B.: The noun the gerundive modifies = the Direct Object of the gerundive’s verb.

39. Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā
Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ut corpora confirmarent.
The young men went to the gym to strengthen their bodies.
Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ad___________.
Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant _________causā.
Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ________ gratiā.

40. Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ut linguam Graecam discerent.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā
Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ut linguam Graecam discerent.
The students were sent to the teacher to learn the Greek language.
Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ad___________.
Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt _________causā.
Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ________ gratiā.

41. Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā
Diutissime manserunt ut principem salutarent.
They stayed a very long time to greet the emperor.
Diutissime manserunt ad___________.
Diutissime manserunt _________causā.
Diutissime manserunt ________ gratiā.