1. BUNDLES OF ISOGLOSSES dialect x dialect y
Isoglosses often occur in bundles, resulting in different dialectal areas with a transition zone between them.

2. J.K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology. Cambridge 1980
Chapter 7. Boundaries

3. “The Rhenish Fan”

7. STRUT/FOOT
BATH/TRAP

8. (Chambers and Trudgill)
Fuzziness of phonological isoglosses:
1. Mixed lects
This is the area where STRUT
words are variably pronounced
with or
The figures show the
percentages of STRUT words
pronounced with :
100 indicates they all are;
50 that only half of them are;
0 that none are.
I.e. 0 means a full FOOT-STRUT
Split, while 100 means there is
no split.
(Chambers and Trudgill)

9. (Chambers and Trudgill)
Fuzziness of phonological isoglosses:
1. Mixed lects
Northern
Southern
Northern
predominant
Southern
predominant
(Chambers and Trudgill)

10. (Chambers and Trudgill)
Fuzziness of phonological isoglosses:
2. Fudged lects
Hatched areas show vowels which are neither nor
(Chambers and Trudgill)

11. Trees or waves?