1. The student is expected to: 8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups and 8C compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

2. The student is expected to: 11C summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems and 12A interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition among organisms

3. KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

4. Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.
Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

5. Animal-like protists consume other organisms.
heterotrophs
single-celled

6. Plantlike protists are photosynthetic.
single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
no roots, stems, or leaves

7. Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms.
heterotrophs
can move, whereas fungi cannot

8. Protists are difficult to classify.
Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

9. Protist classification will likely change.
Some protists are not closely related.
Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

10. KEY CONCEPT Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

11. Animal-like protists move in various ways.
Animal-like protists are often called protozoa.
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

12. Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates.
flagella help zooflagellates swim
more than 2000 zooflagellates

13. change shape as they move
Some protists move with pseudopods.
change shape as they move
amoebas
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14. Some protists move with pseudopods. change shape as they move amoebas
foraminifera

15. cilia help protists swim and capture food
Some protozoa move with cilia.
cilia help protists swim and capture food
more than 8000 ciliates
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

16. Some animal-like protists cause disease.
Protists cause some well-known infectious diseases.
sporozoites
human liver
liver cells
developed
parasites
red blood
cells
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes.
Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by flies.
A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water.
Malaria Infection

17. KEY CONCEPT Algae are plantlike protists.

18. Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular.
Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.
colony
daughter colony

19. mostly photosynthetic
Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists.
mostly photosynthetic
some heterotrophic
single-celled
one or two flagella
pellicle
nucleus
chloroplast
eye spot
contractile
vacuole
flagellum

20. have stiff protective plates
Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists.
have two flagella
may be bioluminescent
have stiff protective plates
can cause red tide
Dinoflagellates

21. produce large amounts of oxygen
Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells.
shells made of silica
produce large amounts of oxygen

22. Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments.
Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b.
Brown algae contain chlorophyll c.
Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

23. Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
All algae can reproduce asexually.
Multicellular algae can fragment.
Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

24. Some algae produce sexually.
Some species alternate generations.
Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

25. KEY CONCEPT Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.

26. Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists.
Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits.
decomposers, like fungi
can move, like animals

27. Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular.
Plasmodial slime molds are giant cells with many nuclei.
Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

28. Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists.
one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s
made of branching strands of cells
can be parasites of plants or fish