1. Quotations and documentation
Research Paper
Quotations and documentation
6th Lecture

2. Outline
Quotations
Documentation

3. Quotations They should be used wisely
A quotation must be very interesting and unique
Over-quotation could be harmful and boring
Use the quotation EXACTLY as it was mentioned in the original reference

4. Generally speaking,
If a quotation is shorter than 4 lines include it in the text
If it is longer write it in a separate paragraph

5. Prose
If a quotation is no more than 4 lines —> between quotation marks within the text
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," wrote Charles Dickens of the eighteenth century.
A quotation could be single word/s or phrase/s
For Charles Dickens the eighteenth century was both "the best of times" and "the worst of times."
You can place the quotation either at the beginning, middle or end of your sentence
"He was obeyed," writes Joseph Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, "yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect."

6. If a quotation is longer than 4 lines —> write it in a separate paragraph
At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186)

7. Poetry Single line —> within the text
Two or Three lines —> separated with a slash
Reflecting on the "incident" in Baltimore, Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all that I remember" (11-12).
More than three —> in a separate paragraph
Elizabeth Bishop's "In the Waiting Room" is rich in evocative detail:
It was winter. It got dark
early. The waiting room was full of grown-up people,
arctics and overcoats, lamps and magazines. (6-10)

8. Drama Dialogues of a play should be written separately
Marguerite Duras's screenplay for Hiroshima mon amour suggests at the outset the profound difference between observation and experience:
HE. You saw nothing in Hiroshima. Nothing. SHE. I saw everything. Everything The hospital, for instance,
I saw it. I'm sure I did. There is a hospital in Hiroshima. How could I help seeing it? .
HE. You did not see the hospital in Hiroshima. You saw nothing
in Hiroshima. ( )

9. Ellipsis Omission in a quotation is subject to: a- fairness b- grammar
You should place (…) in the deleted parts
ORIGINAL
Medical thinking, trapped in the theory of astral influences, stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible car- riers. (Barbara W. Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Four- teenth Century [1978; New York: Ballantine, 1979, print; ])
QUOTATION WITH AN ELLIPSIS IN THE MIDDLE In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, "Medical thinking ... stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers" ( ).

10. Punctuation
A colon (:) to introduce the quotation, Comma (,) for integrated within the text
(“ “) Quotation marks for short quotations (within the text)
Shelley held a bold view: "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the World" (794).
Shelley thought poets "the unacknowledged legislators of the World" (794).
"Poets," according to Shelley, "are the unacknowledged legislators of the World" (794).
No quotation marks for long quotations (in a separate paragraph)
Single quotation marks (‘ ‘) for quoted words/phrases within a quotation
In "Memories of West Street and Lepke," Robert Lowell, a conscientious objector (or "CO."), recounts meeting a Jehovah's Witness in prison: '''Are you a e.0.?' I asked a fellow jailbird. / 'No,' he answered, 'I'm aj.W.'" (38-39).

11. Translating quotations
The translation usually follows the same style used in the original quotation

12. Documentation Your research is built on previous research (literature)
Documentation —> a- information about a source
b- where to locate it
Documentation follows various styles (MLA, Harvard, APA.. etc)
It differs according to the discipline

13. Basics of MLA Usually used in Humanities Sources are documented by:
In-text citation (name of the author/ page number)
The aesthetic and ideological orientation of jazz underwent considerable scrutiny in the late 1950 and early 1960s (Anderson 7).
List of references at the end of the paper
Anderson, lain. This Is Our Music: Free Jazz, the Sixties, and American Culture. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, Print. The Arts and Intellectual Life in Mod. Amer.