1. Exploration

2. Why Explore? Rise of Ottoman control
more difficult and dangerous to travel over land
Spices & precious metals
Spirit of adventure

3. God, Glory, Gold
God
Converting uncivilized people - lead to souls added to the Kingdom of God
Glory
Land, titles, and power would await any explorer who could bring glory to his financiers
Gold
Unexplored lands = lots of unclaimed treasures

4. Early Exploring nations
Portugal
First to establish water route to Asia
Famous explorers:
Bartholomew Diaz
First to sail around Cape of Good Hope (Africa)
Vasco de Gama
First water route to India .
Returned with 1000% of investment
Established Portuguese spice trade

5. Spain Christopher Columbus Italian
Ferdinand and Isabella (Spanish monarchs) finance trip
sailed into the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola
Died believing he had discovered a western route to Asia
Actually landed in the Americas

6. Who’s land it is?
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) drew vertical line of demarcation through Americas
Spain - everything west of line (the Americas)
Portugal - everything east of line (route around Africa)

7. Race to America Aha! It wasn’t the Indies! Henry Hudson
Government sponsored explorers
Henry Hudson
Explored eastern part of North America for the Dutch and English
Amerigo Vespucci
Wrote letters describing the New World
Gave his name to the new world as America

8. The Conquistadors Juan Ponce de Leon Spanish for conqueror
Knowledge of Aztec gold
Hernan Cortez
Welcomed by Aztec leader Montezuma - thought he was a god
in 3 years destroyed Aztec civilization
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered Incan Empire
Ferdinand Magellan
First to circumnavigate the globe
Juan Ponce de Leon
Florida - Fountain of Youth

9. Effects on Native Americans
Enslaved on sugar plantations, gold & silver mines
Population effects:
250k at Columbus’ arrival - Hispaniola
left
Converted to Catholicism
Native American’s society replaced by European’s religion, language, culture, & government

10. European Trade & Colonies
Establish Colonies- settlement of people living in a new territory linked to a parent country by trade & direct government control
Commercial Revolution Begins
Age of increased international trade

11. Merchantilism Goal - get as much silver/gold (bullion) as possible
Key - export more than you import
Balance of trade - positive (dif. between imports/exports)

12. The Slave Trade Slave trade explodes w/ discovery of Americas
Slaves brought to the Americas to provide labor on sugar cane plantations

13. Triangle Trade-pattern of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas

14. Columbian Exchange-trade between Old and New Worlds

15. Growth of Slave Trade 16th -18th Century Middle Passage Once arrived
10 million slaves brought to America
Middle Passage
Journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas
Many died from disease on board
Once arrived
Many died due to no immunity
Hard work

16. Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa
Depopulation
Warfare
Destruction of traditional African societies
Benin changed from a brilliant society to a corrupt and brutal place