1. Asexual Reproduction

2. Reproduction not involving the union of gametes
Ex: mitosis
Ex: Budding and Binary fission

3. Binary Fission

4. Ex, bacteria dividing by mitosis.
An asexual cell division of prokaryotes that produces identical offspring
Ex, bacteria dividing by mitosis.
A budding Yeast cell
A dividing bacterium

5. Sexual Reproduction

6. Combination of two set of DNA to form a diploid organism.
Can be external as in fish, amphibians or
internal as in mammals.

7. DNA Replication

8. An exact DNA copy is made.
A process called “semiconservative
replication” because the DNA has one old
strand on one new strand.

9. The process of DNA Replication

10. DNA separates at the base pair/hydrogen bond
DNA polymerase attaches the complementary DNA nucleotides
Two identical strands are made, one new and one is the old.

11. DNA replication animation

12. Mitosis

13. A process where chromosomes replicate and are separated to separate cells.
One cell divides into two identical cells
Diploid number of chromosomes
Phases of mitosis are: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Two cells result after cytokinesis or the divison of the cytoplasm

14. The Cell Cycle

15. When a cell first is formed to when it divides ( either by mitosis or meiosis)
Stages include: Interphase
(growth and DNA replication), Mitosis and Cytokinesis

16. Interphase

17. Stage of the cell cycle where the cell is:
G1(first growth): growing in cytoplasm
S( Synthesis): DNA replication
G2(second growth): organelles, especially centrioles
replicate.

18. Prophase

19. Phase of mitosis where the nucleus and nucleolus begin to disintegrate, the DNA condenses into chromosomes and cenrioles begin to separate to opposite ends of the cell.
(centrioles)

20. Metaphase

21. Phase of mitosis where the chromosomes ( already replicated and look like “X”) line up ion the center ( metaphase plate)

22. Anaphase

23. Phase of Mitosis where the sister chromotids separate ( replicate chromosomes) and move to opposite ends of the cell. They are moved by the spindle fibers retracting into the centriole

24. Telophase

25. Cytokinesis is when there are actually two cells
Phase of mitosis where the cell begins to pinch into two ( animal cells form a cleavage furrow and plant cells begin to form a new cell plate). Two identical cells are produced. The nucleus and nucleolus reform.
Animal cell
Plant cell
Cytokinesis is when there are actually two cells

26. Animal cell Mitosis compared to
Plant cell mitosis

27. Animal Plant -Centrioles present - no centrioles
-Centrioles produce spindles Cytoskeleton produces spindles
-Cleavage furrow (pinching in) -new cell plate/wall formed
to produce 2 cells to produce 2 cells

28. Mitosis animation
(plant)

29. Diploid

30. A cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair.
One set of chromosomes from each parent
Union of an egg (23 chromosomes) and a sprem (23 chromosomes) results in a zygote with 46 chromosomes or the diploid number of chromosomes ( for humans)

31. Somatic

32. Body cells (all except gametes)
Produced by mitosis
Have the diploid number of chromosomes or 46 in humans
Ex: Skin, muscle, nerve…

33. Gamete

34. A reproductive cell
Eggs and sperm cells
These cells contain the haploid number of chromosomes ( half the full set)
In humans this is 23 chromosomes
These cells are produced by Meiosis of
special somatic cells (eggs by oogonia and sperm by spermatogonia).
The Cell Cycle for these
cells ends with
gamete formation.

35. Haploid

36. Having only one chromosome of each homologous pair
Gametes are haploid or contain 23 chromosomes
Haploid cells combine to form diploid cells
as in fertilization ( egg combines with sperm)

37. Meiosis

38. The process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half
In humans, the parent cell of the gametes has 46 chromosomes (diploid number). This cell divides by Meiosis to produce four halpoid cells with 23 chromosomes.

39. First Division of Meiosis

40. The replicated sets of chromosomes pair up into tetrads, the tetrads line up on the metaphase plate and are separated. This division results in two cells with replicate sets of chromosomes. They still need to separate (the second division)

41. Second division of Meiosis

42. From the first division where there are two cells with replicate sets of the haploid number of chromosomes, the two cells now divide similar to MITOSIS and four cells with one copy of a haploid set of chromosomes is the result.

43. Crossing Over

44. The exchange of genes by reciprocal segments of homologous chromosomes during meioses
This occurs during prophase and metaphase of meiosis I.

45. Meiosis animation

46. Fertilization

47. Joining of two gametes to produce a diploid zygote
egg
sperm

48. Zygote

49. The diploid cell that results from the fusion of gametes
DNA from sperm
= zygote
DNA from egg

50. RNA

51. A nucleic acid composed of a single strand and distinguished form DNA by containing ribose and Uracil
Can be rRNA (ribosomal), mRNA (messenger) and tRNA (transfer)
The function of RNA is to read the code of DNA and produce a protein.

52. rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

53. The type of RNA found in a ribosome that is necessary for the messenger RNA to bind to the ribosome for protein synthesis

54. tRNA (Transfer RNA)

55. the RNA that match amino acids to the mRNA
They are free floating in the cytoplasm
Contain an anticodon ( complement to the
mRNA codon) that allows it to bind to the
mRNA.

56. mRNA (Messenger RNA)

57. The type of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome
DNA is transcribed in the nucleus to mRNA that leaves the nucleus to be translated on a ribosome.
DNA A T T A T A T C G C T G
mRNA U A A UA U A G C G A C

58. Ribosome

59. An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins

60. Transcription

61. The process in which RNA is made from DNA
Ex: DNA TTATGCGCTA makes the
mRNA AAUACGCGAU

62. Translation

63. The process of converting the mRNA into the amino acid sequence that makes up a protein
Occurs on the ribosome as the ribosome reads the mRNA and finds the start codon AUG to start protein synthesis

64. Protein Synthesis

65. The formation of proteins using information coded on DNA and carried by RNA
DNA separates
RNA made from the DNA
3. mRNA moves out of
nucleus to a ribosome
in the cytoplasm
4. Ribosome reads the
mRNA, finds AUG to
start protein synthesis
5. tRNA bring the right
amino acid to the mRNA
6. The amino acids
attach to make a protein
7. The proteins affect the
structure and function
of the cell= traits
translation

66. Protein synthesis animation
Practice protein synthesis

67. Mutations

68. Any change in the genetic message (DNA and RNA)
Mutations lead to genetic diversity
Can be a change in only one base (addition, deletion, substitution)
Can be changes in chromosomes
Can be changes in chromosome
number.

69. Turner’s Syndrome

70. Genetic disorder caused by a mistake in meiosis.
A female with only one X-chromosome.
Missing the second X
Designated as XO

71. Down’s Syndrome

72. Genetic disorder caused by a mistake in meiosis.
Three chromosome 21s, called triosomy 21

73. Karyotype

74. A picture of an individual's chromosomes
Aligned in homologous pairs, by size and location of the centromere.

75. Dominant

76. An allele that masks the presence of another allele
Ex. Aa is a heterozygous dominant genotype
Ex. AA is a homozygous dominant genotype
“A” is the dominant allele and “a” is the recessive allele

77. Recessive

78. An allele that is dominated by the other
ex. aa is recessive
“A” is the dominant allele and “a” is the recessive allele

79. Phenotype

80. The external appearance of an organism that is determined by the individual genotype
Different phenotypes of the shells

81. Genotype

82. The pair of alleles that determine a specific trait.
Ex: Aa the allelles are A and a

83. Offspring

84. Product of fertilization

85. Punnett Square

86. A model used to establish the probabilities of the results of a genetic cross

87. Homozygous

88. Referring to a gene pair in which the two alleles code for the same trait
AA or aa are homozygous genotypes

89. Heterozygous

90. Referring to a gene par in which the two alleles do not code for the same trait
Ex: Aa is a heterozygous genotype

91. Monohybrid Cross

92. A cross between individual that involves one pair of contrasting traits

93. Dihybrid Cross

94. A cross between individuals that involves the pairing of contrasting traits

95. Sex Linked

96. A trait carried on only the x chromosomes

97. Incomplete Dominance

98. The inheritance relationship that occurs when both alleles influence the phenotype
If this was not an incomplete
Trait, there would have been
3 tall and 1 short

99. Codominance

100. When neither of two alleles of the same gene totally masks the other, they are both expressed at the same time.
More than one dominant allele
Ex: Blood types
AA= type A
BB= type B
OO=Type O recessive
AB = Type AB (both are dominant)

101. Polygenic

102. A trait controlled by multiple genes
Ex: eye color. There is not one gene that
Determines eye color, but several

103. Multiple alleles

104. When more than alleles code for one trait
Ex: Blood types
Alleles are A, B , and o Three alleles

105. Alleles

106. Alternative form of a gene, there are two
Dominant A
Recessive a

107. Pedigree

108. A diagram of the genetic history of an individual, a family tree

109. Gene Splicing

110. Splicing of two genetic codes
Taking a piece of DNA and moving it, removing it, or replacing it.

111. Electrophoresis

112. Using electricity to separate DNA on an agarose gel
Using electricity to separate DNA on an agarose gel. DNA can be visualized a a set of bands that were cut by enzymes.
DNA is “cut” with enzymes to produce fragments.
The band run through the getl according to size. Small bands travel faster than larger ones.

113. Cloning

114. Process of removing DNA from one organism and putting it into another.
EX: the gene for insulin is removed from a pig or human and inserted into E.coli bacteria. The E. coli then produce the insulin that is purified , bottled, and distributed to people in need. The insulin was “cloned”

115. Biotechnology

116. Technology used to manipulate DNA, proteins,RNA and such.
EX: cloning, DNA fingerprinting, DNA and protein sequencing.

117. Genetic engineering

118. A form of applied genetics in which scientists directly manipulate genes

119. DNA Fingerprinting

120. A pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from a individual's DNA. The bands are produced by putting enzymes or “moleculer scissors” in with the DNA. These enzymes cut the DNA at specific sequences producing smaller fragments. These fragments can be visulaized by DNA electrophoresis.