1. Place these notes in your Biology Notebook to be checked later.
C19 Test Review Notes
Place these notes in your Biology Notebook to be checked later.

2. Carbon dioxide gas, purified water, and nitrogen are all produced when bacteria break down complex compounds in sewage. Video
Viruses vary greatly in size and structure.
AIDS is a retrovirus. It is not caused by a bacterium.

3. The figure above represents a eubacterium.
A: DNA
B: Ribosome
C: Flagellum
D: Cell membrane
E: Cell wall
F: Pili
The figure above represents a eubacterium.
Structures A,D, & E have key differences in eubacteria and archaebacteria.

4. All viruses are made of proteins and nucleic acids.
Bacteria cause disease by releasing toxins.
Some bacteria are able to survive unfavorable conditions by forming endospores.

5. Viruses cause disease by disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium.
The outer protein coat of a virus is called a capsid. (C)
Bacteriophage

6. Photoautotrophs will be found on land, and near the surface of lakes, streams, and oceans.
Left: Rabbit Creek spouter and mat at Yellowstone (image by Pierson).
Right: Published Rabbit Creek core (Castenholz, 1984).

7. Unlike photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs obtain energy directly from inorganic molecules.
Yellowstone NP
Black smoker

8. Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogens.
Most bacteria cannot survive high temperatures for long periods. This is why we cook our food, and one way to keep them under control.
A disinfectant might be used to sterilize a lab or a hospital.
Refrigeration will not kill bacteria.
Bacteria that break down nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called decomposers.

9. Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria have very different membrane lipids. Achaebacteria have gene sequences that are similar to those of eukaryotes.
Methanogens are members of the kingdom Archaebacteria.

10. Facultative anaerobes can survive either with oxygen or without it.
Cell shape, motility, and the way prokaryotes obtain energy are all ways used to identify prokaryotes.
A method called Gram staining is used to tell what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has.
Nitrogen fixation involves soybeans, nodules on roots, and Rhizobium.
Bacteria living in extreme environments may be a good source of heat-stable enzymes.

11. The structures for making new copies of a virus are coded in either RNA or DNA.
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat describes the basic structure of a virus.
Viruses cannot obtain and use energy, therefore, are not considered living organisms.
A lytic infection concludes with the bursting of the host cell.
A prophage is made of viral DNA.

12. Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT lyse the host cell right away.
Bacteriophages infect bacteria only.
AIDS, measles, and polio are all caused by viruses.
Viral disease can be prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics.
Plant viruses have a difficult time entering the cells they infect partly because plant cells have tough cell walls.

13. Based on DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes, archaebacteria and eukaryotes share a more recent common ancestor than do archaebacteria and eubacteria.
Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of plants and are called photoautotrophs.

14. A: DNA
B: Ribosome
C: Flagellum
D: Cell membrane
E: Cell wall
F: Pili
According to the figure above, the cell wall determines whether a eubacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative.

15. A: bacilli pl. Bacillus sg.
B: Spirillum
C: Cocci

16. The process of converting nitrogen to a form plants can use is called nitrogen fixation.
By breaking down the nutrients from dead organisms is an ecosystem, bacteria act as decomposers.
Although viruses come in many different shapes, the core of every virus contains RNA or DNA.
The germ theory of disease was first proposed by Louis Pasteur.

17. A: Tail fiber
B: DNA
C: Head
D: Tail sheath

18. Destroying bacteria by subjecting them to great heat or to chemical action is called sterilization.
A chemical solution that is used in hospitals to kill bacteria is called a disinfectant.
Scrapie, an infectious disease in sheep, is caused by a prion.
Certain viruses called oncogenic viruses cause cancer in animals.