2. Nucleus – Protons and Neutrons

3. Subatomic Particles Protons – mass ~ 1amu, charge = +1
Neutrons – mass ~ 1amu, no charge
Electrons – mass ~ 0, charge = -1

4. Atomic Number – Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass Number – Total number of particles (Protons and Neutrons) in an atom

5. Isotopes –same element (# of. protons) with different mass
Isotopes –same element (# of protons) with different mass numbers (# of neutrons)
Radioactive isotopes – isotopes that spontaneously decay
Half-Life – the time for ½ of the isotopes to decay

6. IVA
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass

7. Electron Energy Levels
1st Energy level holds 2 electrons
2nd and Higher hold 8 electrons (Octet Rule)

11. Nucleus
H-1

12. Nucleus
He-4

13. Nucleus
Li-5

14. Li-5 ion
Nucleus
Li+

15. Nucleus
Be-9

16. Nucleus
Be-9 ion
Be 2+

17. Nucleus
Be-9

18. Nucleus
B-11

19. Nucleus
C-12

20. Nucleus
C-14

21. Nucleus
N-14

22. Nucleus
O-16

23. Nucleus
F-19

24. Nucleus
F-19 ion F-

25. Nucleus
Ne-20

26. Nucleus
Na-23

27. Nucleus
Mg-24

28. Nucleus
Al-27

29. Nucleus
Si-28

30. Quiz An atom of Oxygen-17 would have ___ protons.
An atom of Sulfur-33 would have ___ electrons.
An atom of Helium-5 would have ___ neutrons.

31. Quiz
4. An atom is discovered with 12 electrons, 12 protons and 13 neutrons. What is it?

32. Quiz An atom of Oxygen-17 would have ___ protons. 8 protons
2. An atom of Sulfur-33 would have ___ electrons.
16 electrons
3. An atom of Helium-5 would have ___ neutrons.
3 neutrons

33. Quiz
4. An atom is discovered with 12 electrons, 12 protons and 13 neutrons. What is it?
Magnesium-25

34. Metals Metals Properties of Metals
Shiny – luster
Conductors (electricity and heat)
Malleable Solids (except Hg)
Metals – tend to lose electrons when forming ions
Usually 3 or less e-s in outer level

35. Nonmetals Nonmetals Properties of Nonmetals
Dull
Good insulators (heat and electricity)
Brittle solids or gases
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons when forming ions
Usually 5 or more electrons in outer level

36. Metalloids (Semiconductors)
Metalloids have some properties of both metals and nonmetals

37. Pursuit of Full or Empty Energy Levels
Atoms are more stable when their outer E level is full or empty
To achieve this they will Steal,
Give up, or Share electrons

40. Ions – atoms that have gained. or lost electrons when
Ions – atoms that have gained or lost electrons when forming ionic bonds
Ca+ions – positive ions, have lost an electron (metals)
Cations
Anions – negative ions, have gained electrons (nonmetals)
Anions

43. Ionic Bond – attraction between oppositely charged ions
Covalent Bond – atoms share electrons to fill outer E level

47. Chemistry of Water
Cohesion sticks to other water molecules

48. Chemistry of Water
Adhesion sticks to other
polar molecules

50. http://www. everythingabout

51. Chemistry of Water
Specific Heat holds large
amounts of heat, stabilizes
temperature
Universal Solvent dissolves
most ionic compounds (salts)

52. Chemistry of Water
Special Thermal Expansion
Water increases in volume
when it freezes
Making ice less dense than liquid water

56. http://www. everythingabout

58. Solution – a uniform mixture
Water is the “Universal Solvent”
Solution – a uniform mixture
Solvent - dissolves the other substance
Solute – substance that is dissolved

60. Hydrophilic- water loving
Ionic or polar substances
(Salts)
Hydrophobic- water fearing
nonpolar substances (oils)

62. Acids - pH less than 7
more H+ than OH- ions
Bases - pH greater than 7
more OH- than H+ ions
Neutral – pH of 7 equal H+ and OH- ions
Buffer – controls pH by donating or accepting H+

63. pH – is based on powers of 10
pH # is actually 10-#
pH 7 is actually 10-7 =
pH 1 is actually 10-1 = 0.1
pH 12 is actually =

65. Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions

66. Chemical Reactions Change Substances
Yeast + sugar => carbon dioxide and ethanol
Chemical Reactions – occur when substances undergo chemical changes to form new substances
Atoms are rearranged to form new compounds or molecules

69. Reactants and Products
H2 + O2 => H2O
Reactants – the substances that enter a reaction (left)
Products – substances that are produced by the reaction (right)

70. Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy – energy stored in chemical bonds, can be released in a reaction
Exothermic – (Exo = out)(therm = heat)
Reactions that release energy as light, heat or sound
Endothermic – (Endo – enter)
Reactions that absorb energy form the environment

71. Activation Energy
All reactions need some energy to begin

72. Catalysts
Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a reaction, but are not used in the reaction
They lower the activation energy

73. Enzymes Enzymes are protein catalysts in your cells
Substrate is the molecule targeted by the enzyme

74. Enzymes Enzymes are protein catalysts in your cells
Substrate is the molecule targeted by the enzyme

75. Enzymes are Specific
Each enzyme works on one reaction

76. Deactivated enzyme pH
Temperature