1. Chapter 3.1 Compounds

2. Valence Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell
Valence Valence Valence
Gain or lose? Gain or lose? Gain or lose?

3. Ions Cation Metals lose electrons
There are now more protons (+) than electrons (-)
= a Positive ion
Anion
Non-metals gain electrons
There are now more electrons (-) than protons (+)
= a Negative Ion

4. Examples What ion will these form? 11p+ 13p+ 17p+
Lose 1 e- = 10e lose 3e- =10e gain 1e- =18e-
+1 ion ion -1 ion

5. Compounds
Compound = a substance made up of more than one kind of element.
Chemical bonds = the links between two or more elements (atoms) and are what hold compounds together
2 types of compounds:
Covalent compounds
Ionic compounds

6. Ionic Compounds Atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions
Give or accept electrons into the empty spaces in valence shells
Non-metal + metal = ionic bond

7. Covalent Compounds Covalent compound = 2 or more non-metal elements
Atoms combine by sharing electrons to form molecules

8. Molecules, Ions & Polyatomic Ions (P.A.I.) (poly = many)
Polyatomic ions form when multiple non-metals come together
Their names end in (-ate, –ite, -ium)
Carbonate (CO3 2-) helps form egg shells.
Phosphate (PO4 3-) helps form your bones and DNA.
Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) form fertilizer.

9. PAI are held together with STRONG COVALENT BONDS so they stick together! Never break them up!
Think of them as a single charged ion (either positive or negative). They act like ions with other molecules and give/take electrons.

10. Common Polyatomic Ions Do not copy this table.
Ammonium
NH4+
Chlorate
ClO3-
Peroxide
O2-2
Acetate
CH3COO-
Perchlorate
ClO4-
Chromate
CrO4-2
Nitrate
NO3-
Permanganate
MnO4-
Dichromate
Cr2O7-2
Nitrite
NO2-
Carbonate
CO3-2
Silicate
SiO3-2
Hydroxide
OH-
Sulfate
SO4-2
Phosphate
PO4-3
Hypochlorite
ClO-
Sulfite
SO3-2
Arsenate
AsO4-3
Chlorite
ClO2-
Thiosulfate
S2O3-2
Arsenite
AsO3-3
Cyanate
CN-
Thiocyanate
SCN-
Borate
BO3-3
Bicarbonate
HCO3-
Bisulfate
HSO4-
Bisulfite
HSO3-