1. Unit 1 Exploration/Colonization
EQ: What motivated European exploration and Colonization in the 15th and 16th Centuries?

2. Motivation

3. Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks

4. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire throughout the middle east/silk road

5. Price of goods on silk road increase as the distance grows

6. Reconquista (Reconquest)
For 800 years the Portuguese and Spanish fought to “reconquer” the Iberian (Spain/Portugal) peninsula
In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain emerge victorious, expelling Muslim moors from Iberia

7. Ottoman control and restriction of the silk road
Dilemma: A difficult situation or problem
Ottoman control and restriction of the silk road
Lack of wealth to be able to afford goods transported along the silk road
How will the Europeans respond to these problems?

8. II. Portuguese Exploration
While England and France are at war with each other and Spain is fighting Muslims, Portugal takes advantage of the opportunity to explore.
In 1419 Prince Henry of Portugal (Henry the Navigator) starts a research center for cartographers, sailors, and shipbuilders.
1420 – Portugal maps the African coastline. Colonizes the Azores and Cape Verde Islands.
Uses islands to grow sugarcane.
Begin enslaving Africans to work sugarcane fields.

9. II. Portuguese Exploration

10. II. Portuguese Exploration
New/Improved technology used for navigation and exploration
Astrolabe
Compass
Caravel
Cartography (Map Making)

11. II. Portuguese Exploration
Three G’s become an easy way of defining ongoing motivations for exploration
God: Spread of religion – especially after Reconquista
Gold: Needed for strengthening kingdoms and purchasing trade goods
Glory: Fame for kingdoms and individuals who discover/conquer new territories

12. III. Spanish Exploration
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabela finance Christopher Columbus (Italian) expedition
Columbus believes (falsely) that the world is smaller and there is a direct route west to the Indies
Columbus lands in the Caribbean and completes 5 trips mapping the area.

13. IV. Spanish Conquest
Cortes launches an expedition to Mexico from Cuba with a small force of 500 soldiers
Cortes allies with tribes resentful of Aztec rule
With their assistance he marches on Tenochtitlan the Aztec Capital (Mexico City)
Cortes captures the Emperor Montezuma and puts down an Aztec rebellion
Smallpox wipes out a significant part of the population making the future conquest of Mexico easier

14. IV. Spanish Conquest
Pizzaro invades the Inca empire in South America with a small force of 168 soldiers
Inca have 30,000
Pizzaro tricks Emperor Atahualpa into meeting unarmed and captures him
The Inca provide a room full of gold and silver as ransom payment
Pizzaro executes Atahualpa for “plotting” a rebellion and installs a new emperor loyal to him
Pizzaro becomes Governor of Peru

15. V. New Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas updates the previous line of demarcation between Portuguese and Spanish claims in the new world.
Spanish rule on top of existing arrangements by the Aztec and Inca empires.
Primarily settler and plantation colonies
Instituted the encomienda system
Gave landowners the right to use Native labor
Eventually led to broad enslavement

16. VI. New France + colonies
French Crown and trading companies managed the colonies
Colonies in North America and South primarily trading posts
Fur
Colonies in the Caribbean primarily plantations
Sugarcane

17. VII. New Netherlands + Colonies
Confederation of Dutch republics
Colonies in North America (New York + New Jersey) and Asia
Trading posts for fur and spice trade

18. VIII. English Colonies Constitutional Monarchy
Parliament and King ruled
Colonial assemblies helped run colonies
Colonies in North America, Caribbean, and South Asia
English colonies mixed settler, plantation, and trading post systems.
Major production of sugarcane, tobacco, and rice

19. Complete Map