1. From Jesus to Christ to Church
How “blessed are the meek” came to rule the known world or
Development of the Church, CE or
Decided non-separation of Church & State

2. The World’s Religions

3. From Jesus to Christ to Church

4. From Jesus to Christ to Church
Jesus, obv.
Jewish Christians
Paul
Epistles/Gospels
Constantine

5. From Jesus to Christ to Church
Disclaimer
I tried to think of a way to organize this clearly and/or cleverly, but the historical truth wouldn’t really let me do it
Theology, Christology, politics, mythology, and history were all jumbled up together and intertwined in fascinating, delicious mess.

6. From Christ to Church 

7. Jesus
4 BCE – 29 CE

8. Jesus
4 BCE – 29 CE

9. Jesus
4 BCE – 29 CE

10. Jesus
4 BCE – 29 CE

11. Jesus 4 BCE – 29 CE and then ??? The Great Commission
Matt. 28:16-20
Pentecost (Holy Spirit)

12. Jesus 4 BCE – 29 CE and then ??? The Great Commission
Matt. 28:16-20
Pentecost (Holy Spirit)

13. Jesus movement/Jewish Christians
The Apostles, and others
Led by Peter, James
Jewish Christians
Jews who believed Jesus was the Jewish Messiah X

14. Paul (c. 5 – c. 67 CE) Pharisee, until… Conversion, 36 CE
“For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism, how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it.” (Gal. 1:13)

15. Paul
Jesus’ followers, the Apostles, continued his legacy as Jewish-Christians
Paul, following his conversion experience, preaches to the Gentiles in Asia Minor
At the Council of Jerusalem (c. 49CE), Paul decided that Gentile Christians need not follow the Law

16. Paul

17. Paul Pharisee => “Apostle to the Gentiles”
Established churches, wrote letters (epistles), developed theology
13 of these are found in the New Testament
According to tradition, arrested in Jerusalem, beheaded in Rome for treason
Marketing genius for Early Christianity

18. The Gospels Mark (65-70 CE) Matthew (80-85 CE) Luke (80-85 CE) ---
John (90-95/110 CE)
(canonized 330/382)

20. Who’s in charge?
The Great Commission: “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.” (Mt 28:18-19)
Apostolic succession: authority in the Church passed down from Jesus => Apostles => Clergy

21. Who’s in charge? Let’s meet the clergy!
(Developing) Hierarchy of the Church
Priest
In charge of a specific community
Deacon (diakonos = servant/messenger)
Assistant to priest
Bishop (episkopos = overseer)
In charge of several churches (larger area)

22. Who’s in charge?
As time goes on, five churches gained prominence (and authority):
Jerusalem
Antioch
Alexandria
Rome
Constantinople

23. Who’s in charge?
The Great Commission: “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.” (Mt 28:18-19)
Apostolic succession: authority in the Church passed down from Jesus to Apostles, Apostles to clergy

24. Heresies Theological development paralleled the growth of the Church
Many different ideas were proposed; those not chosen as orthodox (‘correct’) were declared heresy
Heresies were often declared initially by local bishops
Those decisions confirmed by ecumenical councils or other consensus of bishops

25. Heresies (Gnosticism =>) Docetism (c. 110 CE) Arianism (c. 320 CE)
Physical body of Jesus just an illusion
Arianism (c. 320 CE)
Arius, Presbyter (Elder) in Alexandria
The Son was created by the Father
Nestorianism (c. 430 CE)
Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople
Christ has 2 loosely united natures (human, divine) (~dyophysitism)
Against ‘Theokotos’ (Mary = mother of God)
Monophysitism (c. 450 CE)
Eutyches, archimandrite (archpriest) in Constantinople
Christ had 2 natures, but divine nature consumed human one

26. Church & State Christians initially persecuted by the Roman empire
Nero blames Christians for Great Fire (Rome, 64 CE)
Tradition of martyrdom
Cult of saints

27. Constantine
Roman Emperor, CE

28. Constantine
Roman Emperor CE

29. Church & State 313 CE – Edict of Milan grants tolerance to Christians
380 CE – Constantine declares Christianity the official religion of the Empire

30. Church & State & Heresies
325 CE – Council of Nicaea
Called by Emperor Constantine
Strove to resolve Christological and other debates within the Church
Produced the Nicene Creed
Revised by Council Constantinople, 381

31. Church & State & Heresies
We believe in one God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God of Very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father by whom all things were made; who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. He suffered and was buried, and the third day he rose again according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge both the quick and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end.
And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of Life, who proceedeth from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spoke by the prophets. And we believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. And we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

32. Church & State & Heresies
Augustine CE
Bishop of Hippo
Formalized concept of original sin
The Confessions
City of God Church is eternal, independent from earthly matters
“The New (Testament) in the Old concealed, the Old in the New revealed.”

33. Church & State & Heresies & Who’s in Charge?
As time goes on, five churches gain prominence (and authority):
Jerusalem
Antioch
Alexandria
Rome
Constantinople

34. Church & State & Heresies & Who’s in Charge?
Bishop of Rome began to claim additional authority
Based on apostolic succession from Peter
“You are Peter, and upon this rock I shall build my church, and the powers of death shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” ~Matt. 16:18

35. Church & State & Heresies & Who’s in Charge?

36. Church & State & Heresies & Who’s in Charge?
Pope Leo I
“Pope” = papa = “father” = Bishop
Got Valentinian III to decree (445):
Primacy of Bishop of Rome
Violation of ecclesiastical law could be punished as treason
Roman governors needed to obey Papal summonses

37. From Christ to Church 

38. P.S. The Roman Empire collapsed
The Church was the only thing left…

39. Church & State & Heresies & Who’s in Charge?
1054 CE
Escalating tensions between Rome and Constantinople
Filoque (nature of the Trinity)
Universal jurisdiction of the Pope
Leavened v. unleavened bread for the eucharist
Mutual excommunication of Pope Leo IX and Patriarch (Bishop) Michael Cerularius
The Great Schism!
Form Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox churches

40. Church & State & Heresies & Who’s in Charge?
Orthodox (Greek): “right opinion”
Catholic (Greek): “universal”