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Protein Synthesis Using DNA to Make Proteins
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From gene to protein protein transcription translation
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Bodies Cells DNA Bodies are made up of cells
All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA
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DNA Cells Bodies How does DNA code for cells & bodies?
how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA
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DNA Proteins Cells Bodies
DNA has the information to build proteins Gene- section of DNA that codes for a specific protein proteins cells DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work bodies
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How do proteins do all the work?
proteins run living organisms a) enzymes control all chemical reactions in living organisms b) structure all living organisms are built out of proteins
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Cell organization: A) DNA DNA is in the nucleus
genes = instructions for making proteins want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault” cytoplasm nucleus
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Cell organization: B) Proteins chains of amino acids
made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm protein factory = ribosome cytoplasm nucleus build proteins ribosome
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Passing on DNA information
Need to get genetic information from nucleus (DNA) to cytoplasm need a copy of DNA = messenger RNA cytoplasm nucleus build proteins mRNA ribosome
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From nucleus to cytoplasm
transcription DNA mRNA protein translation cytoplasm trait nucleus
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DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases double stranded
G, C, A, T T : A C : G double stranded RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases G, C, A, U U : A C : G single stranded
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Three Types of RNA:
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Transcription: making RNA from DNA
DNA strand is the template (pattern) match bases U : A G : C Enzyme used RNA polymerase
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips using RNA polymerase T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Match RNA bases to a portion of DNA bases on one side of DNA Uses RNA polymerase C U G A G U G U C U G C A A C U A A G C RNA polymerase U A G A C C T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T
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mRNA is made one nucleotide at a time, following base pairing rules
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How does mRNA code for proteins?
mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA How?
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The mRNA code Each codon codes for one amino acid Code has duplicates
several codons for each amino acid mutation insurance! Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory. Start codon AUG methionine Stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG
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How are the codons matched to amino acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA codon UAC Met GCA Arg tRNA CAU Val anti-codon amino acid Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases
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Protein Synthesis animation
aa From gene to protein Protein Synthesis animation transcription translation DNA mRNA protein ribosome U C A G cytoplasm trait nucleus
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cytoplasm protein transcription translation nucleus trait
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Protein Synthesis Video-
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