1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst

2. Biopsychological Domain

3. The Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter

4. The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
Module 06

5. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

6. Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body
Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement
Brings information to the brain from the senses

7. Neuron A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Neurons perform three basic tasks
Receive information
Carry the information
Pass the information on to the next neuron

8. Parts of the Neuron

9. Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites
Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body

10. Parts of the Neuron - Soma
Soma – The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy

11. Parts of the Neuron - Axon
Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent

12. Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath

13. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

14. How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Impulse
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

15. Action Potential
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron
Considered an “on” condition of the neuron

16. Action Potential

17. Refractory Period
The “recharging phase” during which a a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential
Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again

18. Refractory Period

19. Resting Potential
The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential
The neuron is set and ready to fire

20. Resting Potential

21. All-or-None Principle
The principle stating that if a neuron fires it always fires at the same intensity
All action potentials are of the same strength.
A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.

22. How Neurons Communicate: Communication Between Neurons
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

23. Synapse
The tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
The action potential cannot jump the gap

24. Neurotransmitters
A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next
Can influence whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or not

25. Neurotransmitters

28. Neurotransmitters

29. Excitatory Effect
A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire”
The second neuron is more likely to fire.

30. Inhibitory Effect
A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire”
The second neuron is less likely to fire.

31. How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Chain
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

32. Receptor Cells
Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process
Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.

33. Sensory Nerves
Nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

34. Interneurons
Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information
Related to sensory input and motor output

35. Motor Nerves
Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body

36. A Neural Chain

37. A Neural Chain

38. A Neural Chain

39. A Neural Chain

40. A Neural Chain

41. The Structure of the Nervous System
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

42. The Nervous System

43. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
The brain is the location of most information processing.
The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.

44. Divisions of the Nervous System

45. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body
Peripheral means “outer region”
The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

46. Divisions of the Nervous System

47. Somatic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles

48. Divisions of the Nervous System

49. Autonomic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs
Monitors the autonomic functions
Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes
Sub-divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

50. Divisions of the Nervous System

51. Sympathetic Nervous System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats
Fight or flight response

52. Divisions of the Nervous System

53. Parasympathetic Nervous System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

54. Divisions of the Nervous System

55. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

56. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

57. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

58. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

59. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

60. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

61. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

62. Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

63. Endocrine System One of the body’s two communication systems
A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers that circulate in the blood

64. Hormone
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood
Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers
Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects

65. Pituitary Gland
The endocrine system’s gland that, in conjunction with the brain, controls the other endocrine glands
Called the “master gland”
Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus

66. Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland

67. Thyroid Gland
Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body
Located in the neck

68. Endocrine System – Thyroid Gland

69. Adrenal Gland
Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress
Located just above the kidneys
Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

70. Endocrine System – Adrenal Gland

71. Pancreatic Gland
Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood

72. Endocrine System – Pancreatic Gland

73. Sex Glands
Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development.
Testosterone – primary males hormone
Estrogen – primary female hormone
Males and females have both estrogen and testosterone in their systems.

74. Endocrine System – Sex Glands

75. The End

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