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Tobler’s First Law of Geography
“All things are related, but nearby things are more related than distant things” I.E.: “Nearby things are more similar than distant things”
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SPATIAL THINKING Why are things located where they are?
What is the relationship between the thing and its environment? What are the consequences of these relationships?
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The Five Themes of Geography
Location Place Human-Environment Interaction Movement Region
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Interrupted Map Uninterrupted Map Thematic Map Thematic Layers
A map projection with negative space between lobes to reduce distortion Uninterrupted Map A distorted map with a continuous projection of the Earth’s surface Thematic Map A map projecting a specific theme over a geographic area Thematic Layers Layers of data stacked to create a more complex projection Choropleth Map A map that uses color and shading to represent averages in given area
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Cartography GIS Scale The science of map making
The ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground GIS Geographic Information Systems – digital system used to create maps
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Latitude Lines are parallel
Lines measure degrees north and south of the Equator Equator - 0 North Pole - 90 N South Pole – 90 S
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Longitude All lines meet at the Poles
Lines measure degrees East or West (0 - 180) of the Prime Meridian which is located in Greenwich, England
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Toponym Site Situation
The name given to a place on Earth which reflects a geographic feature or cultural concept Ex: Omaha, New York, Maryland, France, Russia Site The physical characteristics of a place Situation A place’s location relative to other places Space The physical distance between objects
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Regions Formal or Uniform -a uniform or homogenous area where all share a common attribute such as language, climate or political system. Functional or Nodal -an area organized around a center, node or focal point that is organized to function politically, socially or economically Vernacular or Perceptual -how a region is perceived by others that may or may not be based on data Formal region-is one that exhibits essential uniformity in one or more physical or cultural features. Functional region-is defined by interactions among places such as trade and communication. Chicago is a formal region-city government,etc. Yet the commuters and shoppers who circulate daily throughout the city make it a functional region as well. Vernacular region-the popular perception of a place such as the South, Dixie or China town, Midwest, etc. Do Regions activity with the handout-if time permits
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Globalization A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders Positives Economic opportunities and competition Connectivity with more people Negatives Local cultures and customs replaced or changed negatively Dependence on a foreign nation for economic stability Unintended spread of disease, flora and fauna
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Hierarchical Diffusion
The movement of people, goods and ideas through space Contagious Diffusion Spread by direct contact with neighboring area Hierarchical Diffusion Spread through susceptible parties – starts small then expands Stimulus Diffusion An idea that is spread but changes over time to adapt to the receiving culture Relocation Diffusion The spread of people who bring new knowledge to an area to settle permanently
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(Time-) Distance Decay
Distance and time determine whether something is adopted Shorter time and distance – higher probability Longer time and distance – lower probability
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Fast Food (generic) Concert Pro Sports Event (to watch) College Sports Event (to watch) High School Sports Event (to watch) Clothing Store (generic) Clothing Store (brand name) Gas Station Movie Theater (generic) Movie Theater (special screening/special screen)
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Environmental Determinism
The physical environment, directly, determines diffusion of ideas and behavior of humans and this is done mainly through climate and prevents a full appreciation of humanity in certain areas Lack of growing regions in the artic Little to no water in the desert Permafrost in Siberia Rainforest choke out all other vegitation
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Possibalism Argues that the natural environment limits choices for a culture but that humans are able to overcome environmental obstacles in order to be successful anywhere Iceland - geothermal heating Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan Los Angeles built on a fault line Miami built in a hurricane zone
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Updates Chapter 2/3 Readings Pg. 46-73 Pg. 80-102 Journals
Reading check given on average of once per week Timed question(s) from a reading assigned one week ahead of time Journal #1 Odd – 9/10, Even 9/11 PG
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Population Transition Models
Demographic (DTM) Epidemiologic (ETM) A 5 stage model which suggests that a country’s total natural population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically as indicated by birth and death rates A 5 stage model which suggests that food security, economic, medical, and educational advancement, and interconnectivity influence factors controlling natural human population
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Demographic Transition Stages
Low Growth – High death rate with a high birth rate Poor medical facilities, lack of wealth High Growth – High birth rate with a declining death rate Improving economy, more technology Moderate Growth – Low Death rate with a declining birth rate Wealthier nations, investing in technology Low Growth – Low death rate and low birth rate Wealthy nations, dependent on technology and service industry Negative Growth –Lower birth rate than death rate Economic instability, formerly or currently wealthy
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Epidemiologic Transition Stages
Pestilence and Famine Stage 2 Receding Pandemics Stage 3 Degenerative Diseases Stage 4 Delayed Degenerative Diseases Stage 5 (Theoretical) Infectious Disease Evolution, Poverty, Increased Connectivity
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Population Demography Ecumene
The study of populations and the movement of people Ecumene The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement Clusters An area of high density that attracts human settlement based on economic, geographic, or social means
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Crude Birth Rate Number of Births per 1,000 people Crude Death Rate Number of Deaths per 1,000 people Natural Population Growth Rate Percent of annual growth based on CBR and CDR Doubling Time The number of years for a population to be double its current size Carrying Capacity The number of people that a piece of land can support
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Thomas Malthus Food is produced linearly
Population grows exponentially Resulting population growth speeds up doubling time
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Birth Rate Birth Rate = (Number of Births ÷ Total Population) x 1,000 Example Number of Births = 136,510,000 Total Population = 7.3 billion BR = (136,510,000÷ 7,300,000,000) x 1,000 BR = 18.7 Death Rate Death Rate = (Number of deaths ÷ Total Population) x 1,000 Number of Deaths = 57,597,000 DR = (57,597,000 ÷ 7,300,000,000) billion x 1,000 DR = 7.89
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Population Growth Rate
PG = (Birthrate – Death rate) ÷ 10 Example Birthrate = 18.7, Death rate = 7.89 Population Growth = 18.7 – 7.89 ÷ 10 = 1.08% Doubling Time 72 ÷ Growth Rate = Years Example (do not convert the %) Growth Rate = 1.08% 72 ÷ 1.08 = 66 years
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Unit 1 Journal #1 Explain the importance of the relationship between the Demographic Transition Model and the Epidemiologic Transition Model to our understanding of population trends Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate give us an indication of current and future population growth within a country. Explain how these two statistics combined with Total Fertility Rate can help demographers get a better picture of a countries population.
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Density Arithmetic The number of people per piece of land Population
The number of people per square mile of land Agricultural The number of farmers per piece of arable land Physiological The number of people per piece of land that can be farmed
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Population Pyramid Types
Population Pyramids Population Pyramid Graphs that show the distribution of population by age and gender Types Rapid Growth Population increases quickly (10-30 years) Slow Growth Population is stable with a general increase over time Zero/Negative Growth Population is on the decline (10-30 years)
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Emigrant/Emigrate – Someone who leaves a nation
How People Migrate Emigrant/Emigrate – Someone who leaves a nation Immigrant/Immigrate – Someone who comes to a nation Internal Migration – Moves within a nation External Migration – Moves to a new nation Step Migration – smaller, localized movements Chain Migration – movement by a family or group in small clusters
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Daily, short time and distance movement Periodic Movement
How People Migrate Cyclic Movement Daily, short time and distance movement Periodic Movement Longer time and distance but will return to point of origin Transhumance Seasonal pastoral farming – move with the seasons Nomadism Herders - irregular migration that follows the growth of vegetation
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Population Transfer – forced movement of people by a government
Why People Migrate Population Transfer – forced movement of people by a government Impelled Migration – voluntary movement of people because of push factors Push Factors – Reasons for leaving Pull Factors – Reasons for entering
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Pull Factors Push Factors Jobs Safety Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Speech Easier Life Opportunities The American Dream Space Health Care Politics Media Poor Education Racism Intrusions into private lives Taxes Cultural Differences Crime
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Consequences of Migration
Distance Decay – loss of cultural characteristics over time and distance Density – Overpopulation and clustering Cultural Conflicts – tensions between competing cultures Loss of Status – Money, power, possessions left at point of origin Overqualified Employment – working a job one is overqualified for due to restrictions
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Resources are not fixed, they are ever-changing
Modern Malthus Neo-Malthusians Critics of Malthus Food, in addition to energy and water, will lead to conflict in the future Medical technology has caused rapid growth in developing countries while growth has stalled in developed countries Resources are not fixed, they are ever-changing Population growth fluctuates, current trends have it declining
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China – One Child Policy (1979-2016)
Population Control China – One Child Policy ( ) One child per family (exceptions could be made) Violation of the policy Mandatory contraception Loss of job, housing, food Sterilization Iran – Mandatory Contraception Training ( ) No training – no marriage license Russia, Singapore – Conception Day Encouraged day off to reproduce to increase birth rate
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