1. Tobler’s First Law of Geography
“All things are related, but nearby things are more related than distant things” I.E.: “Nearby things are more similar than distant things”

2. SPATIAL THINKING Why are things located where they are?
What is the relationship between the thing and its environment?
What are the consequences of these relationships?

3. The Five Themes of Geography
Location
Place
Human-Environment Interaction
Movement
Region

4. Interrupted Map Uninterrupted Map Thematic Map Thematic Layers
A map projection with negative space between lobes to reduce distortion
Uninterrupted Map
A distorted map with a continuous projection of the Earth’s surface
Thematic Map
A map projecting a specific theme over a geographic area
Thematic Layers
Layers of data stacked to create a more complex projection
Choropleth Map
A map that uses color and shading to represent averages in given area

5. Cartography GIS Scale The science of map making
The ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground
GIS
Geographic Information Systems – digital system used to create maps

6. Latitude Lines are parallel
Lines measure degrees north and south of the Equator
Equator - 0
North Pole - 90 N
South Pole – 90 S

7. Longitude All lines meet at the Poles
Lines measure degrees East or West (0 - 180) of the Prime Meridian which is located in Greenwich, England

8. Toponym Site Situation
The name given to a place on Earth which reflects a geographic feature or cultural concept
Ex: Omaha, New York, Maryland, France, Russia
Site
The physical characteristics of a place
Situation
A place’s location relative to other places
Space
The physical distance between objects

9. Regions
Formal or Uniform -a uniform or homogenous area where all share a common attribute such as language, climate or political system.
Functional or Nodal -an area organized around a center, node or focal point that is organized to function politically, socially or economically
Vernacular or Perceptual -how a region is perceived by others that may or may not be based on data
Formal region-is one that exhibits essential uniformity in one or more physical or cultural features.
Functional region-is defined by interactions among places such as trade and communication. Chicago is a formal region-city government,etc. Yet the commuters and shoppers who circulate daily throughout the city make it a functional region as well.
Vernacular region-the popular perception of a place such as the South, Dixie or China town, Midwest, etc.
Do Regions activity with the handout-if time permits

10. Globalization
A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders
Positives
Economic opportunities and competition
Connectivity with more people
Negatives
Local cultures and customs replaced or changed negatively
Dependence on a foreign nation for economic stability
Unintended spread of disease, flora and fauna

11. Hierarchical Diffusion
The movement of people, goods and ideas through space
Contagious Diffusion
Spread by direct contact with neighboring area
Hierarchical Diffusion
Spread through susceptible parties – starts small then expands
Stimulus Diffusion
An idea that is spread but changes over time to adapt to the receiving culture
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of people who bring new knowledge to an area to settle permanently

12. (Time-) Distance Decay
Distance and time determine whether something is adopted
Shorter time and distance – higher probability
Longer time and distance – lower probability

13. Fast Food (generic)
Concert
Pro Sports Event (to watch)
College Sports Event (to watch)
High School Sports Event (to watch)
Clothing Store (generic)
Clothing Store (brand name)
Gas Station
Movie Theater (generic)
Movie Theater (special screening/special screen)

14. Environmental Determinism
The physical environment, directly, determines diffusion of ideas and behavior of humans and this is done mainly through climate and prevents a full appreciation of humanity in certain areas
Lack of growing regions in the artic
Little to no water in the desert
Permafrost in Siberia
Rainforest choke out all other vegitation

15. Possibalism
Argues that the natural environment limits choices for a culture but that humans are able to overcome environmental obstacles in order to be successful anywhere
Iceland - geothermal heating
Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
Los Angeles built on a fault line
Miami built in a hurricane zone

16. Updates Chapter 2/3 Readings Pg. 46-73 Pg. 80-102 Journals
Reading check given on average of once per week
Timed question(s) from a reading assigned one week ahead of time
Journal #1 Odd – 9/10, Even 9/11 PG

17. Population Transition Models
Demographic (DTM)
Epidemiologic (ETM)
A 5 stage model which suggests that a country’s total natural population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically as indicated by birth and death rates
A 5 stage model which suggests that food security, economic, medical, and educational advancement, and interconnectivity influence factors controlling natural human population

18. Demographic Transition Stages
Low Growth – High death rate with a high birth rate
Poor medical facilities, lack of wealth
High Growth – High birth rate with a declining death rate
Improving economy, more technology
Moderate Growth – Low Death rate with a declining birth rate
Wealthier nations, investing in technology
Low Growth – Low death rate and low birth rate
Wealthy nations, dependent on technology and service industry
Negative Growth –Lower birth rate than death rate
Economic instability, formerly or currently wealthy

19. Epidemiologic Transition Stages
Pestilence and Famine
Stage 2
Receding Pandemics
Stage 3
Degenerative Diseases
Stage 4
Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Stage 5 (Theoretical)
Infectious Disease Evolution, Poverty, Increased Connectivity

20. Population Demography Ecumene
The study of populations and the movement of people
Ecumene
The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Clusters
An area of high density that attracts human settlement based on economic, geographic, or social means

21. Crude Birth Rate
Number of Births per 1,000 people
Crude Death Rate
Number of Deaths per 1,000 people
Natural Population Growth Rate
Percent of annual growth based on CBR and CDR
Doubling Time
The number of years for a population to be double its current size
Carrying Capacity
The number of people that a piece of land can support

22. Thomas Malthus Food is produced linearly
Population grows exponentially
Resulting population growth speeds up doubling time

23. Birth Rate
Birth Rate = (Number of Births ÷ Total Population) x 1,000
Example
Number of Births = 136,510,000
Total Population = 7.3 billion
BR = (136,510,000÷ 7,300,000,000) x 1,000 BR = 18.7
Death Rate
Death Rate = (Number of deaths ÷ Total Population) x 1,000
Number of Deaths = 57,597,000
DR = (57,597,000 ÷ 7,300,000,000) billion x 1,000 DR = 7.89

24. Population Growth Rate
PG = (Birthrate – Death rate) ÷ 10
Example
Birthrate = 18.7, Death rate = 7.89
Population Growth = 18.7 – 7.89 ÷ 10 = 1.08%
Doubling Time
72 ÷ Growth Rate = Years
Example (do not convert the %)
Growth Rate = 1.08%
72 ÷ 1.08 = 66 years

25. Unit 1 Journal #1
Explain the importance of the relationship between the Demographic Transition Model and the Epidemiologic Transition Model to our understanding of population trends
Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate give us an indication of current and future population growth within a country. Explain how these two statistics combined with Total Fertility Rate can help demographers get a better picture of a countries population.

26. Density Arithmetic The number of people per piece of land Population
The number of people per square mile of land
Agricultural
The number of farmers per piece of arable land
Physiological
The number of people per piece of land that can be farmed

27. Population Pyramid Types
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramid
Graphs that show the distribution of population by age and gender
Types
Rapid Growth
Population increases quickly (10-30 years)
Slow Growth
Population is stable with a general increase over time
Zero/Negative Growth
Population is on the decline (10-30 years)

28. Emigrant/Emigrate – Someone who leaves a nation
How People Migrate
Emigrant/Emigrate – Someone who leaves a nation
Immigrant/Immigrate – Someone who comes to a nation
Internal Migration – Moves within a nation
External Migration – Moves to a new nation
Step Migration – smaller, localized movements
Chain Migration – movement by a family or group in small clusters

29. Daily, short time and distance movement Periodic Movement
How People Migrate
Cyclic Movement
Daily, short time and distance movement
Periodic Movement
Longer time and distance but will return to point of origin
Transhumance
Seasonal pastoral farming – move with the seasons
Nomadism
Herders - irregular migration that follows the growth of vegetation

30. Population Transfer – forced movement of people by a government
Why People Migrate
Population Transfer – forced movement of people by a government
Impelled Migration – voluntary movement of people because of push factors
Push Factors – Reasons for leaving
Pull Factors – Reasons for entering

31. Pull Factors Push Factors Jobs Safety Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Speech
Easier Life
Opportunities
The American Dream
Space
Health Care
Politics
Media
Poor Education
Racism
Intrusions into private lives
Taxes
Cultural Differences
Crime

32. Consequences of Migration
Distance Decay – loss of cultural characteristics over time and distance
Density – Overpopulation and clustering
Cultural Conflicts – tensions between competing cultures
Loss of Status – Money, power, possessions left at point of origin
Overqualified Employment – working a job one is overqualified for due to restrictions

33. Resources are not fixed, they are ever-changing
Modern Malthus
Neo-Malthusians
Critics of Malthus
Food, in addition to energy and water, will lead to conflict in the future
Medical technology has caused rapid growth in developing countries while growth has stalled in developed countries
Resources are not fixed, they are ever-changing
Population growth fluctuates, current trends have it declining

34. China – One Child Policy (1979-2016)
Population Control
China – One Child Policy ( )
One child per family (exceptions could be made)
Violation of the policy
Mandatory contraception
Loss of job, housing, food
Sterilization
Iran – Mandatory Contraception Training ( )
No training – no marriage license
Russia, Singapore – Conception Day
Encouraged day off to reproduce to increase birth rate