1. What do I remember? What is atherosclerosis?
What causes atherosclerosis to occur?
What effect does atherosclerosis have on arteries and blood pressure?
Which cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis associated with?

2. Unit 2 Physiology and Health 4. Diabetes
Higher Human Biology
Unit 2 Physiology and Health
4. Diabetes

3. What do I need to know?
What is the effect of chronically elevated blood glucose levels on blood vessels?
What cardiovascular diseases are a consequence of atherosclerosis? (Revision!!)
What is insulin the hormone for?
What is glucagon the hormone for?
Explain the negative feedback control of blood glucose
What effect does adrenaline have on blood glucose levels?
What’s the difference between the two types of diabetes?

4. What effect does high blood glucose have on blood vessels?
Normal blood glucose levels ~5mmol/l
Untreated diabetes blood glucose levels ~30mmol/l
These elevated blood glucose levels cause endothelial cells of blood vessels to absorb more glucose than they should
Leads to atherosclerosis peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disease and stroke

5. Which diseases are a consequence of atherosclerosis?
This is revision!!
What are they?

6. Cardiovascular Diseases associated with Atherosclerosis
Angina
Heart attack
Pain subsides with rest

7. Diseases associated with Atherosclerosis
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease
Pain felt in muscles to due inadequate blood flow

8. What hormones are involved in blood glucose control?
Insulin
Glucagon
High blood glucose
Pancreatic receptors cause secretion of insulin
Insulin activates conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver
Blood glucose level decreases
Low blood glucose
Pancreatic receptors cause secretion of glucagon
Glucagon activates conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver
Blood glucose level increases

9. Negative feedback control of blood glucose levels -summary

10. Effect of adrenaline (epinephrine)
Adrenaline released by adrenal glands
Glucagon secretion stimulated
Insulin secretion inhibited
Glycogen converted to glucose
Blood glucose level raised

11. What’s the difference between the two types of diabetes?
Typically occurs in childhood
Unable to produce insulin
Require regular doses of insulin
Typically develops in adulthood
Cells less sensitive to insulin
Individuals have less insulin receptors in the liver
Glucose not converted to glycogen
Can be controlled by diet, weight loss and exercise

12. Glucose tolerance test
Diabetes diagnosis
Glucose tolerance test
Urine analysis
Glucose tolerance is the capacity of the body to deal with ingested glucose
Depends on bodies ability to produce insulin
Clinical test for diabetes
Fast for 8 hours
Blood glucose measured
ml of glucose consumed
Rest
Blood glucose measured after 2 1/2 hours
Both type 1 and 2 diabetes
Kidneys can’t cope with high blood glucose
Glucose therefore lost in urine
Urinalysis used to show indication of diabetes

13. What do I know?
What is the effect of chronically elevated blood glucose levels on blood vessels?
What cardiovascular diseases are a consequence of atherosclerosis? (Revision!!)
What is insulin the hormone for?
What is glucagon the hormone for?
Explain the negative feedback control of blood glucose
What effect does adrenaline have on blood glucose levels?
What’s the difference between the two types of diabetes?