1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
-Chapter Seven-

2. The French Revolution
During The Enlightenment, Locke’s philosophy stated that “the people” have the RIGHT to overthrow an unjust government.
Do YOU agree??? Why or Why not?
What would lead you to take part in a violent revolution against your government or another controlling power (your church, parents, principal and staff, etc.) ???

3. What were some of the CAUSES of the Revolution in France that we discussed on Wednesday??
Debt, unfair taxes, class inequality between the 1st class estates and 2nd class estates, corrupt government, shortage of food.

5. The Old Regime! 1st Estate-Clergy Makes up 1% of the population
The French people were divided into three estates (classes)
1st Estate-Clergy
Makes up 1% of the population
Roman Catholic Church
Hated Enlightenment ideas
Pay Taxes: only 2% of income
Owned 10% of land
2nd Estate-Nobles
Makes up 2% of the population
Majority disagreed with enlightenment ideas
Paid no taxes
Owned 20% of land

6. 3rd Estate-Peasants
[split into 2 main groups]
Makes up 97% of the population!
Pay taxes: 50% of income!
Urban workers, middle class,etc.

7. Borgeoisie [Middle Class] Often had Enlightenment ideas
3rd estate peasants (2 groups)
Borgeoisie [Middle Class]
Often had Enlightenment ideas
Had more social power
Bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, skilled workers
Lowest class
Workers of France: trades people, apprentices, laborers, domestic servants
Paid low wages
Peasants
Made little to no money
Made up 80% of the entire 3rd estate

8. The Revolution started! May 5, 1789 at Versailles
King Louis XVI
was a weak leader
Didn’t listen to advisors
Called a meeting of the
Estates General
Representatives from all
three estates came together
To approve a new tax to
pay off the DEBT of France
Fight over voting system

9. -Bankers refused to give him any more $$$
King Louis XVI
-Indebted from war (French and Indian) against Britain for the New World land
-Bankers refused to give him any more $$$

10. The Queen Marie Antoinette
-Member of the royal family of Austria
-unpopular
-“Madame Deficit” bc she spent lots of $$$ on jewels, clothes, etc.

11. How the Revolution started
Third Estate wanted change in the gov’t!
has little power in the Estates General – always outvoted
Third Estates delegates are locked out of the meeting of the ESTATES GENERAL
Decide to meet across the street
Discuss change/ uprising!

12. Tennis Court Oath
pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of the meeting
They made a “makeshift” conference room at the tennis court
set up a constitution!!
Members of the Third Estate formed the National Assembly

13. Fall of the Bastille (July 14th, 1789)
Freeing of political prisoners in Paris
Jail seen by many as a symbol of tyranny (of the royal’s control over everyone)

14. The Great Fear
Peasants begin to attack members of the 1st and 2nd Estates
Burned down houses of the tax enforcers!
October 1789 WOMEN revolt!
over the rising cost of bread
Broke into royal palace!
Forced King Louis XVI to leave Versailles and return to Paris

15. Course of the Revolution
National Assembly
Establishes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen [CONSTITUTION]
Liberty, equality, and fraternity
All people born and treated EQUALLY
Seize control of church lands
Sold church lands in order to pay off national debt
Declared church officials (priests) to be ELECTED as STATE officials

16. King Louis XVI Tries to Escape!
from France to Austrian Netherlands
Fearing for his life, the king tries to escape
Fails to leave France
He and the royal family are jailed (June 1791)

17. The Legislative Assembly (Sept.1791)
driven by two opposing groups
first group: members of the bourgeoisie who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal
second group: Jacobins! the king could no longer be trusted and thought more revolutionary measures were necessary
Legislative Assembly replaced the National Assembly!!
King had power
Legislative Assembly came under the control of the Jacobins!
abolished the monarchy!! (king)
Replaced the Legislative Assembly with
The National Convention

18. The National Convention (1792)
Reign of Terror (July )
Led by the Committee of Public Safety
JACOBIN DICTATOR: Maximilien Robespierre
In charge of suppressing ANY opposition
ANYONE that went against him DIED brutally
Killing everywhere
Even killed people who were supportive of revolution but just weren't “radical enough”

19. The Guillotine! TRIED FOR TREASON Found guilty.
The King, Queen, and other “enemies” were executed
Over 40,000 people in total
July 1794
END OF THE REIGN OF TERROR
The Guillotine!

20. The Rise of Napoleon! One of the world’s GREATEST military leaders
5 feet 3 inches tall
The Directory ( )
Extremely weak government
1799-The “coup d'etat”
A three-man Consulate replaced the Directory
Napoleon was named first consul of the Directory
Napoleon takes power like a dictator!
Still pretended to be a constitutionally controlled gov’t
1802-Named consul for life!!

21. Napoleon 1804-Napoleon named emperor As Emperor –
Centralized the government
Created the Bank of France
Reinstated of Roman Catholicism as the state religion
Established the Napoleonic Code
Uniform set of laws
Limited liberty
ex: little to no freedom of speech or religion

22. Napoleon 1804: Took crown from the pope!
Signifies: “More power than the church!”
Napoleon

23. The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte
Emperor Napoleon’s Successes
Defeated of Austrians at Marengo (1800)
Established French power on the continent
Napoleon's defeat of various European countries ( )
He installed his relatives and loyalists as leaders in other
countries !
He forced Austria,
Prussia, and Russia
to sign peace treaties

24. Emperor Napoleon’s Mistakes
The invasion of England
Major defeat of Napoleon
1806 Great Britain closes ports (no trade)
Britain still an enemy!
The Peninsular War (1808)
Fought against the Spain (for five years)
British helped Spain
Drained French military resources.
The invasion of Russia (1812)
Russians used “scorched earth policy” (kill food)
Thousands of French troops died due to winter conditions
Russians burned Moscow (capital) rather than give it to Napoleon

25. The End of Napoleon
By 1813 – All of the major European powers were allied against France
1814 – In March Paris fell to Russia and Prussia
Napoleon went into exile into the Mediterranean islands.
1815 – He escaped and marched on the French capital and took control of France for 100 days
Last bid to power
The Battle of Waterloo
Ended his brief second reign
The British imprisoned him
Island of St Helena, where he died on 5/5/1821

26. The Congress of Vienna

27. The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815
What was it?
International conference that was called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon

28. Klemens von Metternich of Austria Duke Wellesley of Great Britain
Emperor Alexander I of Russia
Karl August von Hardenberg
Of Prussia

29. The Congress of Vienna
Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria developed a plan:
Containment of France
France lost power
Other nations (especially those around France) gained tremendous power
Balance of Power
France still strong, but no country could easily overpower another
“No threat”
Legitimacy
Returning leaders who Napoleon ousted to power
Believed it would stabilize international relations

30. What was the goal of it? Reestablish a balance of power in Europe
Establish peace between nations
Was it successful?
Highly successful - peace lasted almost 40 years
Established a German Empire
Victory for Conservatives
“Europe's first experiment in democracy”

32. Formation of Alliances
Rulers were worried about other nations
Formed alliances
The Holy Alliance
Based on Christian principals to combat the forces of the revolution
Russia, Austria, and Prussia
The Concert of Europe
Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain
Set up to protect the status quo
Agreed to help each other if revolutions broke out

33. The Governments of France during the Revolution SUMMARY
Old Regime (?-1789)
National Assembly ( )
Legislative Assembly ( )
Convention ( )
Directory ( )
Consulate ( )
Emperor Napoleon ( )
Monarchy (1815-)