1. CS 594: Empirical Methods in HCC Grounded Theory Method
Dr. Debaleena Chattopadhyay
Department of Computer Science
debaleena.com
hci.cs.uic.edu

2. Recap Structuring the Research Inquiry1
GTM 2

3. Let’s revisit…
Conceptualization  Operationalization  Measure Analysis
Write down a research question.
What is the unit of analysis?
What do you want to measure?
How will you measure it?

4. Grounded Theory Method2

5. Grounded Theory Method
GTM offers a rigorous way to explore a domain, with an emphasis on discovering new insights, testing those insights, and building partial understandings into a broader theory of the domain.
GTM is concerned with the creation of theory or theory development.
GTM is also used for qualitative data analysis and mixed method studies.

6. Purpose of GTM Exploration Description Explanation
GTM = Exploration and description
Exploratory studies are most typically done for three purposes: (1) to satisfy the researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding, (2) to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study, and (3) to develop the methods to be employed in any subsequent study.
Describing situations and events and systems; Descriptive statistics; usability studies

7. References and Orientations
Glaser & Strauss, 1967
Charmaz (2006) or Corbin and Strauss (2008)
GTM is widely used in social sciences. Lately, GTM is being increasingly used for deep qualitative inquiries of human centered computing systems and sociotechnical studies.
GTM for structuring data collection and analysis vs. GTM for analysis of completed dataset.

8. Different Approaches to GTM
The application of GTM in HCI and CSCW has been uneven.
Some adopt the concept of grounded theory as a full methodology (not very common in HCI)
Others make selective use of a subset of GT practices
Some use the term “GTM” s a kind of signal to indicate an extended qualitative data analysis. (Frowned upon)

9. GTM as a way of Knowing
Ground Theory Method is concerned with knowing as a human endeavor, using the unique capabilities of humans as active inquirers who construct their interpretations of the world and its phenomena
Abductive inference instead of deductive or inductive reasoning.
The noun philosophy means the study of proper behavior, and the search for wisdom. The original meaning of the word philosophy comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning "love" and -sophos, or "wisdom."

10. Err…too much subjectivity?
Yes, GTM differs from many conventional “objective” approaches to HCI.
Conventional approaches advise a linear sequence of actions in which the researcher (1) defines a theoretical question, (2) collects data, (3) analyzes the data, and (4) interprets the analysis to answer the theoretical question.
GTM provides ways of thinking that depend crucially on the iterative development of interpretation and theory, using principles of constant comparison of data-with-data, and data-with-theory.

11. Abductive Inference and Surprise
Deduction proves that something must be Induction shows that something actually is operative Abduction suggests that something may be GTM is abductive inference, concerned with finding new interpretations (theories) for data that do not fit old ideas

12. Grounded Theory is not a theory
GTM puts its emphasis on data, and on thinking about the data.
The methods of GTM help researchers to describe data, to build increasingly powerful abstractions based on the data, and to collect additional data that can provide the most effective tests of those abstractions.
Theories are constructed of particular phenomena or domains that are “grounded” in the data.

13. Strauss, instead of Glaser
An underlying theoretical framework is sometimes used in HCI
Or existing literature

14. Core Principle of Conducting GTM
Constant Comparison: Reading and re-reading data

15. GTM = Coding, Memoing, & Theorizing
codes
memos
categories
theorizing

16. Coding: describing to knowing
Open Coding : initial description
Axial Coding: organize the open codes into
broader abstractions or more generalized meanings
Categories:  A category is a well-understood set of attributes of known relation to one another.
Selective Coding: the choice of the core concept, inter-related axial codes
Another example might be “deadline pressure,”
which might be summarized as “none,” “mild,” “moderate,” or “intense.”

17. Memos
Descriptions of codes and their meanings, thoughts about what might be going on, descriptions of how data fi t (or do not  fi t) the developing theory
Comparison of memos sometimes lead to new concepts and new codes
Write down the conjectures, your subjective interpretation.
Memo-writing is a way for the researcher to construct her/his knowledge, and to put that evidence of knowing  into a concrete form.

18. Theory: Surprise as a tool
What story do I want to tell about the data?
Corbin and Strauss focused on finding patterns that were present in the data, using well-defined procedures and coding practices to find the right data, and to describe the phenomena in those data
The next step, in beginning to write the report, is to relate this substantive theory to previously published or “formal” theories in the research literature
VSD
Typing – from secretarial work to tool for knowledge workers

19. S/w to use
NVivo
ATLAS.ti
demo

20. GTM in HCI Mostly to analyze completed dataset
Mostly to study sociotechnical systems within practice
Start with an exisitng theory or literature
It would be useful to know which specific coding practices were used in the analysis, and it may also be useful to see a brief recapitulation of the axial coding, leading to the core concept. It would also be useful to know how the research literature was used—e.g., as a source of candidate axial codes, or as a follow-on after the analysis was largely completed.

21. GTM vs. Topic Model

22. Take away Qualitative vs. Quantitative: When to use what approach?
Used differently in different domain, from s/w development to organization studies
Reporting is as important as conducting
Positivist vs. Interpretivist tradition of knowing

23. Upcoming: CITI IRB training – DUE Sep 5, 11:59pm
Start thinking about your course projects. Proposal due Sep 24, 11:59pm