1. Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012

2. Biopsychology Domain

3. Consciousness

4. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Module 08
Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

5. Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Consciousness
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

6. Consciousness
Awareness of yourself and your environment.

7. Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

8. Biological Rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations.
Can affect physiological functioning
Fall into three main categories
Circadian Rhythms
Ultradian Rhythms
Infradian Rhythms

9. Circadian Rhythms
Biological rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur approximately every 24 hours.
Example: Sleep-wake cycle and temperature

10. Ultradian Rhythms
Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day.
Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

11. Infradian Rhythms
Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season.
Example: Women’s menstrual cycle

12. Body Rhythms
Most of our body rhythms are automatic and we do not notice them.
However, if we understand them better, we can make the most of our days and nights.

13. Sleep and Sleep Deficit
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

14. How much of your life have you slept so far?
Let’s try and estimate this!
How much on average do you get each night, and mulitiple by the days you have been alive.
Sleep Diary assignment
The Science of Sleep (15)
science of sleep National Geographic (46)

15. Sleep Deprivation Effects
Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning
Increases stress hormone, connected to learning and memory
Increases appetite and eating: so often people are more overweight

16. Safety and accident issues: more truck driver road accidents due to this than alcohol related accidents. But scary because it is often not noticeable to the driver.
Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, suppression of cancer-fighting cells, premature aging

17. Sleep deprived brains have to work harder
Negative effects on long term and short term memory
If sleep deprived on a regular basis, people can start to suffer mania (psychosis, extreme energy levels, hallucinations, aggression, etc)

18. Sleep Deprivation

19. If sleep deprivation is so dangerous, why are teens getting on average 2 hours less a night?
Why do you think?
science of sleep part 2
Teens and sleep deprivation (3)
Sleepy Teens Tedtalk (10)

20. Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Why We Sleep
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

21. Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brain
Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment
Changes levels of hormones in the body

22. Melatonin Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms.
Linked to the sleep-wake cycle
Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

23. Reasons for Sleep/Why? Two primary reasons:
Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night
Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

24. Sleep Stages, REM Sleep and Dreaming
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

25. Used to collect data on sleep patterns:Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface;
electrodes placed on the scalp measure these waves.

26. EEG

27. EEG

28. Wake State to Stage 1

29. Stage 1 Sleep(NREM 1) Breathing is slowed.
Brain waves become irregular.
It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep.
Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

30. Stage 1

31. Stage 2 Sleep (NREM 2) Brain wave cycle slows.
First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.
On and off you will spend over half of your night asleep in this stage

32. Stage 2

33. Stages 3 (NREM 3) Slow wave sleep
is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

34. Stage 3

35. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

36. Non-REM Sleep
Stages considered N-REM (non-REM sleep)

37. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
Called rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth
Considered “paradoxical sleep”: why?

38. REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement
During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake
Pulse and breathing quickens.
Blood flows to the genitals

39. Typical Night’s Sleep

40. Stage 4/REM Changes

41. Sleep Changes through Life

42. Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream? Doc: What are Dreams?
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

43. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences
Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

44. Information-Processing Theory

45. Physiological Function Theory
Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

46. Physiological Function Theory

47. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

48. Activation Synthesis Theory

49. Cognitive Development Theory
Dreams part of the maturation process
Dreams reflect our knowledge
Reflection of normal cognitive development

50. Cognitive Development Theory

51. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

52. Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep.
Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem
Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem
Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

53. Sleep Apnea
Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.
Tend to be loud snorers
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

54. Sleep Apnea
Central sleep apnea – after an individual falls asleep, the diaphragm stops moving because the brain no longer sends impulses to control it.
Upper Airway Sleep Apnea – breathing is blocked by loss of muscle tone in the tongue, throat and larnyx

55. Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks;
the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

56. Cataplexy The most dramatic component of narcolepsy
Attacks of muscle weakness or near total paralysis

57. Somnambulism
Sleepwalking, which usually starts in the deep stages of NREM sleep;
the sleepwalker can walk or talk and is able to see but rarely has any memory of the event.

58. Night Terrors
Sleep related problem characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified;
unlike nightmares, they occur during NREM 3 sleep, occur within two or three hours of falling sleep, and
are seldom remembered.

59. Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting
Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep
Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

60. Less well known sleep disorders
Some people suffer sleep-wake cycle disorders in which they fall asleep later each night because their bodies run on a 26 hour or 27 hour cycle.
Some people regularly wake up with excruciating headaches or muscle spasms in which their legs jerk them out of bed.

61. Klein-Levin syndrome causes people to sleep for days
Klein-Levin syndrome causes people to sleep for days. During this time, they may walk to the bathroom or refrigerator without ever remembering having left their beds.
Hypnophobia is the fear of going to sleep.
Hypnalgia is the experience of dream pain.

62. The End

63. Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
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64. Teacher Information Domain Coding Key Terms and Definitions in Red
Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards.
Scientific Inquiry Domain
Biopsychology Domain
Development and Learning Domain
Social Context Domain
Cognition Domain
Individual Variation Domain
Applications of Psychological Science Domain
Key Terms and Definitions in Red
To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

65. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

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