1. passive voice & Modals

2. Passive voice Doer IS NOT the subject. The ball is kicked by Jimmy.
Fairer and stricter laws need to be established to protect the rights of females.
Many children are exploited in the under-developed countries.

3. Passive voice usually used in formal writing
1. The doer is unknown: The Great Pyramid was built in the Fourth Dynasty. [We don't know who made them.] 2. The doer is irrelevant: An experimental solar power plant will be built in the Australian desert. [We are not interested in who is building it.] 3. You want to be vague about who is responsible: Mistakes were made. 4. You are talking about a general truth: Women are paid lesser than men. [By whomever, whenever.] 5. You want to emphasize the person or thing acted on. For example, it may be your main topic: Insulin was first discovered in 1921 by researchers at the University of Toronto. It is still the only treatment available for diabetes.

4. MODALS possibility - certainty - ability - permission - necessity - obligation - prediction
Higher modality
Medium modality
Lower modality
Modal Verbs
must, ought to, need to, has to, had to
will, would, should, is to, was to, supposed to
can, may, could, might
Modal Adverbials
certainly, definitely, always, never, absolutely, surely, in fact
probably, usually, generally, likely
possibly, perhaps, maybe, sometimes
Modal Nouns
certainty, necessity, requirement, obligation
Probability
Possibility
Modal Clauses & Phrases
It is essential that…
I believe that…
It is obvious that…
I think that…
In my opinion…
It’s likely that…
It isn’t likely that…
This suggests that…
I guess that…