1. Behavior is Adaptive
Stimulus (pl stimuli) = information that can make an organism change its behavior.
Internal stimuli = tells an animal what is happening inside its body
External stimuli = gives an organism information about its environment

2. Behavior is a homeostatic mechanism
(Homeostasis = remaining the same)
Examples:
Kinesis (random movement until a good environment is reached)
Taxis (movement in a specific direction either towards stimuli or away from it)
Both behaviors cause an animal to go from a less desirable area to a more desirable

3. Internal and External Stimuli usually Interact
Circadian rhythm = daily cycle of activity that occurs over 24hrs
Biological clock = internal mechanism that controls circadian rhythm
The pineal gland produces melatonin which detects changes in light
Example of something functioning on circadian rhythm is sleep

4. Hibernation Some animals enter a dormant state during the winter
External factors trigger when they enter and leave it
Why Hibernate?
How does climate change affect hibernators?

5. Innate Behavior
= a behavior that is performed correctly the first time
When exposed to the right stimuli (a releaser) the innate behavior is performed = Instinct
If the stimuli is constant it may be ignored and the behavior is stopped =Habituation
Examples: sea turtles going to the ocean, gulls pecking the red dot, adult birds feeding the open mouth, human babies grasping, mammals suckling

6. Learning
Imprinting = rapid, irreversible process only occurs during a short time
Filial and sexual in birds
Associative = connect a specific action with a consequence
Associative example bird and lady bug

7. Classical Conditioning = a neutral stimulus causes a behavior that was triggered by another stimulus

8. Operant Conditioning
= specific behavior is increased by positive reinforcement Or
specific behavior is decreased by negative reinforcement

9. Behavioral Costs Energy Cost = takes energy away from other things
Opportunity Cost = behavior takes away time from other things
Risk Cost = increases possible injury or death
Territorial costs vs benefits
Optimal foraging = more calories/cost birds given a choice of size of food mussels don’t take the largest

10. Social Behavior
Living in groups
Benefits =
Costs =

11. Altruism and Eusocial behavior
Altruism = risking its own life for others that are not directly related
How could this evolve?
Inclusive fitness
Kin Selection
Eusocial = species live in large group most are nonreproductive, work together