1. Mr. Hemler Chatterton Middle School 5/17/2010
Road to Civil War
Mr. Hemler
Chatterton Middle School
5/17/2010

2. Ending Slavery Reform movements spread in 1800
Abolitionists were Americans that wanted to abolish, or end, slavery

3. American Colonization Society
The first large-scale antislavery effort
Bought enslaved workers and sent them abroad to start new lives (in the Caribbean or Africa)
In 1822, the Society created an African colony called Liberia, which means “place of freedom”
American Colonization Society did not work:
They could only free a small amount of slaves
Many African Americans desired to stay in the U.S.

4. Other Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass
White abolitionist
Created his own antislavery newspaper, The Liberator
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slave that taught himself to read and write
Traveled the world speaking against slavery
Sojourner Truth
Real name was Isabella Baumfree
Escaped from slavery and recovered her son from slavery
Joined the abolition and women’s rights movements

5. The Underground Railroad
Not a subterranean railroad!
A system that helped slaves follow a network of escape routes out of the South into the North

6. Fugitive Slave Act
In 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves
Anyone caught helping a fugitive could be fined or put in prison

7. Adding Missouri (1819)
At the time, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states
Each state gets 2 Senators
The addition of a new state would upset the balance

8. The Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay proposed a compromise
Missouri would enter as a slave state
Maine (a part of Massachusetts) would be added as a free state
This Compromise
preserved the
balance between
free and slave states

9. Results of the Missouri Compromise of 1820
Kept the peace for nearly 30 years
Six new states joined the Union
3 slave and 3 free
Still equal representation
AND THEN along came…California

10. Wilmot Proviso (1846) Mexican American War began in 1846
David Wilmot proposed that slavery should be prohibited in any lands acquired from Mexico
John C. Calhoun proposed that Congress did not have the authority to ban slavery
Neither proposal passed

11. The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay to the rescue AGAIN
California would be added as a free state
New Mexico and Utah territories would let their residents decide

12. Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser
Died in 1852
Never gave up hope in finding peaceful solutions to problems
One his grave marker it says,
“I know no North – no South – No East – No West”

13. Federal Power vs. State Power
Many issues leading up to the Civil War were based on federal and state power
The Tariff Crisis: Can a state nullify a federal law?
Slavery: Can the federal government ban slavery in a state?
Both federal and state governments had to work together to find solutions (compromise)

14. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Stephen A. Douglas proposed organizing two new states: Kansas and Nebraska
Both fell north of the line established in the Missouri Compromise to determine free and slave states
Both seemed likely to be free states
Douglas needed support from the South
Suggested abandoning the Missouri Compromise
Proposed letting the people choose

15. Passage of the Act North was opposed South supported it
Did not want slavery in areas that had been free for 30 years
South supported it
They knew the settlers would vote for slavery
President Pierce and a few Northern Democrats supported it
Congress passed the Act in 1854

17. The Vote in Kansas
Proslavery and antislavery groups rushed into Kansas to vote
1,500 voters lived in Kansas
6,000 Americans voted
Border Ruffians: Proslavery supporters from Missouri that traveled in armed groups
A proslavery legislature was elected
Passed laws supporting slavery
Restricted political office to proslavery candidates

18. Two Kansas Governments
Antislavery settlers refused to support the new government
Held their own elections
Adopted a constitution that banned slavery
Each government asked Congress for support
President Pierce and the Senate supported the proslavery government
The House of Representatives supported the antislavery government

19. “Bleeding Kansas”
In 1856, 800 slavery supporters attacked the antislavery capital of Lawrence, KS
Destroyed the town
Burned the hotel and home of the governor
Tore down two newspaper offices
John Brown (an abolitionist) and his sons seized and killed 5 supporters of slavery
Armed groups roamed the territory as fighting continued
After 5 months, the bloodshed stopped

20. Fighting in Congress
Charles Sumner: Senator from MA, criticized proslavery forces in KS in a speech
2 days later, Representative Preston Brooks beat Sumner with a cane
Sumner was unable to return to Congress for several years!

21. Dred Scott Dred Scott was an army doctor’s slave
Live in Missouri (slave state)
Moved to Illinois (free state)
Moved to the Wisconsin Territory (free)
Returned to Missouri
When the doctor died, Scott sued for
his freedom
He had lived on free soil

22. The Dred Scott Decision
The case reached the Supreme Court
Chief Justice Roger Taney said that Scott was still a slave
Slaves could not bring lawsuits
Slaves were property
Living on free soil does not make you free
Congress had no power to prohibit slavery
Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

23. Reaction to the Decision
South was happy
Nothing could legally prevent the spread of slavery
Republicans in the North were upset
Their main issue (stopping the spread of slavery) was ruled illegal
All Democrats were happy
This case weakened the Republican Party

24. Lincoln and Douglas Both running for Senate in Illinois (1858)
Stephen A. Douglas
Nickname “The Little Giant”
Disliked slavery, but liked growth more
Believed in popular sovereignty
Abraham Lincoln
Unknown lawyer
Born poor in Kentucky
Believed slavery would divide the Union

25. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates
Douglas agreed that people in territories could ban slavery
Became known as the Freeport Doctrine
Lost support in the South
Douglas accused Lincoln of thinking blacks and whites should be equal
Lincoln lost the election, but gained fame

26. Harpers Ferry (1859) John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA
18 Men
Both whites and African Americans
Wanted the arsenal (storage place for weapons)
Brown hoped to start a rebellion by arming slaves
Brown and his men were defeated
Local Citizens
Federal troops

27. Executing John Brown Brown was convicted of treason
Sentenced to hang
Many from the North saw Brown as a hero and a martyr (a person who dies for a cause he/she believes in)
Brown’s death rallied abolitionists
The South began to fear the worst

28. Election of 1860 Slavery split the Democratic Party apart
Northern Democrats
Nominate Stephen Douglas
Supported popular sovereignty
Southern Democrats
Nominate John Breckenridge of Kentucky
Believed in the Dred Scott decision
The Republicans tried to attract many voters
Nominated Abraham Lincoln
Argued slavery should be left alone in the South, but should be banned from all new territories

29. Lincoln Elected Lincoln won the Election of 1860
He won every single northern state
His name did not even appear on most Southern ballots
Lincoln-Red
Breckinridge-Green
Bell-Orange
Douglas-Blue

30. The South Secedes
Southerners did not believe that the Republicans would not disturb slavery in the South
In Dec. 1860, South Carolina voted to secede from the Union
Attempts to compromise failed

31. The Confederacy By Feb. 1861, 5 more states joined them
Delegates from these states met in AL
They formed a new nation and government
The Confederate States of America (Confederacy)
They chose Jefferson Davis (a senator from Mississippi) as their president

32. Presidential Response
When the states seceded, Lincoln wasn’t president yet
James Buchanan was Pres. until March
Said the South did not have the right to secede
Said he had no power to stop them
Lincoln became Pres. in March 1860
Said he would hold federal property in the South & enforce laws
Told the South they were not enemies, but friends

33. Fort Sumter The Civil War had begun. Fort Sumter in SC
Running low on supplies
Confederates were demanding they surrender
Lincoln was sending supplies, but no weapons
Unless they were fired on
Jefferson Davis decided to attack the fort before the supplies arrived
After 33 hours, the Union surrendered the fort
No lives were lost
The Civil War had begun.

34. Study Guide

35. Question 1 Who were the abolitionists?
Reformers who worked to abolish, or end, slavery

36. Question 2
Where did the American Colonization Society send slaves they freed?
The Caribbean or Africa (the colony of Liberia)

37. Question 3
How was William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator different from other white abolitionist newspapers?
Garrison was one of the first white abolitionists to call for the “immediate and complete emancipation [freeing]” of enslaved people

38. Question 4 Who was Frederick Douglass?
Douglas was the most widely known African American abolitionist. He escaped from slavery after teaching himself to read and write.

39. Question 5
What did Sojourner Truth dedicate her life to after becoming free?
The movements for abolition and for women’s rights

40. Question 6 What was the Underground Railroad?
A system that helped African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

41. Question 7 What did the Fugitive Slave Act require all citizens to do?
Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves

42. Question 8
How did the Fugitive Slave Act punish those who helped slaves escape?
Anyone who aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned.

43. Question 9
What is a fugitive?
A runaway or someone trying to runaway

44. Question 10
How would adding a new state to the U.S. in 1819 affect the balance of power in the nation?
Because each state gets 2 Senators, adding a new slave or free state would give one side more Senators than the other

45. Question 11
What 2 states entered the US under the Missouri Compromise and were they free states or slave states?
Missouri entered the US as a slave state. Maine entered the US as a free state.

46. Question 12
How did the Missouri Compromise determine whether future states would be free or slave?
It prohibited slavery in the remainder of the territories north of the 36°N latitude (the southern border of Missouri)

47. Question 13 What was the Wilmot Proviso?
Proposed law that would prohibit slavery in lands that might be acquired in the Mexican-American War

48. Question 14 How did John C. Calhoun respond to the Wilmot Proviso?
He said that neither Congress nor any territorial government had the power to ban or regulate slavery in a territory

49. Question 15
How did the Compromise of 1850 determine whether the land acquired from Mexico were free or slave?
California entered as a free state. The New Mexico territory would have no restrictions on slavery

50. Question 16
Why do you think Henry Clay was called “The Great Compromiser”?
Clay proposed the Tariff Compromise, the Missouri Compromise, and the Compromise of 1850 (but NOT the Great Compromise!!)

51. Question 17
What is nullification?
To cancel something, like a law

52. Question 18 What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
A proposal to allow the settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to vote on whether to allow slavery (abandoned the Missouri Compromise)

53. Question 19 What was “Bleeding Kansas” and why did it happen?
Bleeding Kansas was when settlers in Kansas fought each other over the issue of slavery (caused by election proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act)

54. Question 20
How does the Brooks-Sumner Incident show how the North and South were growing apart?
Brooks (from the South) beat Sumner (from the North) with a cane, showing how the South and North disliked each other

55. Question 21 Why was the Republican Party formed?
The Republican Party was formed to challenge proslavery Whigs and Democrats and ban slavery from new territories

56. Question 22 Did the Supreme Court grant Dred Scott his freedom?
No, the Supreme Court ruled Scott was still legally a slave

57. Question 23
What did the Supreme Court say about Congress’ power to prohibit slavery?
They said Congress does not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory

58. Question 24
What did the Dred Scott Decision mean for the Missouri Compromise? What did it mean for the Republican Party?
It ruled both the Missouri Compromise and the Republicans’ main issue, the restriction of slavery, unconstitutional

59. Question 25
Who was Stephen A. Douglas and what 1854 Act did he help pass?
He was a Senator from Illinois, Lincoln’s main opponent, and he helped pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act

60. Question 26 What is popular sovereignty?
Government subject to the will of the people

61. Question 27
How did Abraham Lincoln get noticed during the 1858 Senate elections?
He challenged Douglas to a series of debates

62. Question 28 What were the Lincoln-Douglas Debates?
Debates in Illinois in the 1858 Senate elections between Lincoln and Douglas, where they talked about slavery and popular sovereignty

63. Question 29 What happened in Harpers Ferry, VA, in 1859?
John Brown and 18 abolitionists captured the arsenal in an attempt to start a slave rebellion in Virginia

64. Question 30
Who was John Brown and why did abolitionists consider him a hero?
Brown was an extreme abolitionist that killed 5 people in Kansas and tried to start an uprising in Virginia. Abolitionists saw him as a hero because he fought slavery.

65. Question 31
What is a martyr? Who in this chapter can be described as a martyr?
A martyr is someone that dies for a cause they believe in. John Brown can be described as a martyr.