1. Cellular Respiration Fig. 9-1
Figure 9.1 How do these leaves power the work of life for the giant panda?

2. Are you the “slow-twitch” or “fast-twitch”?
2:15:25
London 2003

3. Florence Griffith Joyner
100M – 10.49s

4. Berlin Marathon
2008

5. The Race

6. Diagrams from slides 11, 19 and 22 may be drawn on your note card to use during the quiz. You should have 2 copies of completed Diagram 22 in your notes (one created by you and one from me). Think about what happens in each of the processes as you again recreate them on the note card.

7. Fast twitch muscle slow twitch muscle

8. What makes these muscle fibers different?
The process for making ATP varies
Slow fibers do it aerobically (O2)
Fast fibers w/o O2 (anaerobic)
# of mitochondrion vary, amt. of myoglobin

9. Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
36-38 ATP per glucose molecule
40% of energy from glucose is harvested
60% heat
1 muscle cell spends/regenerates 10 million ATP/sec

10. Organic molecules Cellular respiration in mitochondria
Fig. 9-2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
Organic
molecules
CO2 + H2O
+ O2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
Figure 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems
ATP
ATP powers most cellular work
Heat
energy

12. C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy Energy = (ATP + heat)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Fig. 9-UN3
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced

15. The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview
Cellular respiration has three stages:
Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate)
The citric acid cycle (completes the breakdown of glucose) or Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis) or ETC
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

16. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Electron Transport
Chain
Carbon dioxide +
water
Glucose + oxygen
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle

17. Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
Fig
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
Glucose
Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation

18. Hans Krebs – Nobel Prize 1953
Citric acid cycle

19. Pyruvate CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle 2
Fig. 9-11
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
CoA
NADH
+ H+
Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle 2
CO2
Figure 9.11 An overview of the citric acid cycle
FADH2
3 NAD+
FAD 3
NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP

20. Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis
Fig. 9-16 H+ H+ H+ H+
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
Cyt c V Q
 
ATP synthase 
2 H+ + 1/2O2
H2O
FADH2
FAD
NADH
NAD+
ADP + P
ATP
Figure 9.16 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis i
(carrying electrons
from food) H+ 1
Electron transport chain 2
Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation

21. World’s smallest motor:
Fig. 9-14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+
Stator
World’s smallest motor:
ATP synthetase
Rotor
Internal
rod
Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
Cata-
lytic
knob
ADP + P
ATP i
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

22. Aerobic respiration bioflix

23. Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
Fig
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
Glucose
Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation

24. BioFlix: Cellular Respiration
The process that generates most of the ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation because it is powered by redox reactions
BioFlix: Cellular Respiration
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases:
Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases:
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

26. Energy investment phase
Fig. 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP
used
Energy payoff phase
4 ADP + 4 P
4 ATP
formed
2 NAD e– + 4 H+
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
Figure 9.8 The energy input and output of glycolysis
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 ATP
2 NAD e– + 4 H+
2 NADH + 2 H+

27. In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion
Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion
Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

28. The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, takes place within the mitochondrial matrix
The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

29. Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
Types of Fermentation
Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis
Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

30. In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2
Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

31. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2
Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings