1. Industrialization and Nationalism
Chapter 12
Industrialization and Nationalism

2. Section 1 – The Industrial Revolution
QOD – What technological changes led to the development of industrialization?
Objective – Discuss industrialization and its effects on Western countries.

3. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Began in Great Britain in the 1780s for several reasons
Improved farming methods increased food supply which drove food prices down and gave families more money for manufactured goods
Britain had a ready supply of capital-money to invest-for industrial machines
Entrepreneurs were looking for ways to invest and make profits
Britain also had an abundance of natural resources

4. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
In the 18th century Great Britain had surged ahead in the production of cotton goods
The 2 step process of spinning and weaving had been done by individuals in their homes, called cottage industry
James Watt- engineer who improved the steam engine so it could drive machinery.
Steam power was now used to spin and weave and it used coal so factories could be moved away from water

5. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
By 1840 Cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable product.
The steam engine drove Britain’s Industrial Revolution and it ran on coal-the coal industry expanded
Coal also helped to transform the iron industry

6. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Iron had been made in England since the Middle Ages
The process called puddling to make iron was developed by Henry Cort
Puddling produced a better quality iron
Britain’s iron industry boomed

7. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Railroads were crucial to the Industrial Revolution since it was an efficient way to move resources
The factory was another important aspect because it created a new type of labor system
To keep machines going workers had to work in shifts
Rural laborers were trained to work the same hours each day and to do repetitive work

8. The Spread of Industrialization
Britain became the world’s greatest industrial nation. It produced ½ of the world’s cotton
The Industrial Revolution spread to other parts of the world at different speeds
The Industrial Revolution hit the United States

9. The Spread of Industrialization
The large United States needed a transportation system and miles of roads and canals were built
Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat in 1807
The railroad was the most important transportation development
1830 the US had about 100 miles of track and in 1860 there was over 30,000 miles

10. The Spread of Industrialization
Labor for the growing factories came from the farm population
Many of the factory workers were women, they made up more than 80% of the workers in textile (two thirds were women and children)
Factories sometimes had whole families working for them

11. Social Impact in Europe
The Industrial Revolution spurred the growth of cities and created 2 new social classes: the industrial middle class and the industrial working class
Europe’s population doubled due to the decrease in disease because of the rise in food supply to sustain lives
Cities were the home to many industries. People moved to find work-lived in very poor conditions.

12. Social Impact in Europe
The Industrial Revolution replaced the commercial capitalism of the Middle Ages with industrial capitalism- an economic system based on industrial production
This capital produced an industrial middle class
Workers faced horrible conditions and long hours. No job security.

13. Social Impact in Europe
In Britain 2/3rds of the women and children made up the cotton industry’s work force
Women took more to textile and paid less than men
1844- excessive working for women was outlawed and led to a new pattern of work
Men were now expected to support the family and married women were to take care of the home

14. Social Impact in Europe
The pitiful conditions in the Industrial Revolution led to a movement called socialism
Under socialism, society, usually govt., owns and controls the means of production-natural resources, factories, and the like
Early socialism was largely the idea of intellectuals who believed in equality of all
Later, socialists like Karl Marx thought these ideas were not practical

15. Social Impact in Europe
A famous utopian socialist was Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacture
Believed that people would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment
He turned a town in Scotland into a flourishing community

16. Section 2 – Reaction and Revolution
QOD – Why did revolutions occur in 1848?
Objective – Discuss the political forces that led to revolutions across Europe.

17. The Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna was a meeting in 1814 of the great powers of Europe. They wanted to restore the old order after Napoleon’s defeat
Prince Klemens von Metternich’s. Led the Congress. His claim that he was guided by the principle of legitimacy meant lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to power

18. The Congress of Vienna
Participants also rearranged European territories to form a new balance of military and political power to keep one country from dominating Europe

19. The Conservative Order
Conservatism- political philosophy based on tradition and social stability
Conservatives wanted obedience to the traditional political authority and believed that organized religion was important. They did not like revolution
The powers at Congress agreed to meet to take steps to balance power in Europe and maintain peace-Concert of Europe

20. The Conservative Order
Most of the great powers eventually adopted the principle of intervention: countries had a right to intervene and send armies where revolutions were threatening monarchies
Britain rejected the principle, saying countries should not interfere with internal affairs of other states

21. Forces of Change
The forces of liberalism and nationalism were gathering to bring about change from the old order
Liberalism is the belief that people should be as free as possible from government restraints
The chief belief was protecting basic rights of all
Liberals believed these civil rights should be guaranteed, as they are in the American Bill of Rights

22. Forces of Change
Liberals supported religious toleration and separation of church and state
Liberals thought that the right to vote and hold office should be given only to men who owned property

23. Forces of Change
Nationalism was a powerful source of change. It is the belief that people owe loyalty to a nation not a king
Nationalists believed that each nationality should have its own government.

24. Forces of Change
Conservatives feared these changes and what it would do to the balance of power in Europe
They repressed the nationalists
In the 1st half of the 19th century, liberalism was a strong ally of nationalism because liberals believed in self-government
Nationalism was the chief force behind rebellions in Poland and Italy, and a revolution in Belgium

25. The Revolution of 1848
Despite changes after 1830, the conservative order still dominated much of Europe.
The growing forces of nationalism and liberalism erupted again in the revolutions of 1848

26. The Revolution of 1848
France had severe economic problems causing hardships for the lower class and at the same time the middle class wanted the right to vote.
Louis-Philippe refused to make changes and opposition grew

27. The Revolution of 1848 The monarchy was overthrown in 1848.
A temporary govt. was set up and it called for the election of representatives to a Constituent Assembly that would make a new constitution
Election would be by universal male suffrage-all adult men could vote, not just the wealthy

28. The Revolution of 1848
The provisional govt. set up workshops to give the unemployed work. These workshops drained funds and jobs were lost.
Workers took to the streets, but the govt. crushed the revolt

29. The Revolution of 1848
The new constitution, approved in Nov. 1848, set up the Second Republic, with a single legislation elected by universal male suffrage
A president served for 4 years

30. The Revolution of 1848
The Congress of Vienna had recognized 38 independent German states, called the German Confederation
The 1848 cries for change led many German rulers to promise constitutions, a free press, & jury trials.
Frankish Assembly met to fulfill the liberal and nationalist goal for a unified Germany, but failed.

31. The Revolution of 1848
The Austrian Empire was a multinational state. The Germans played a leading role in governing Austria
Austrian Empire had its problems. Revolutionary forces took control of Vienna and demanded liberal constitution.
With the help of Russian soldiers, the rebels were defeated in Vienna

32. The Revolution of 1848
By 1849, Austria established the old order throughout Italy.
In Europe in 1848, popular revolts led to constitutional governments. The revolutionaries could not stay united, however, and conservative rule was reestablished.

33. Section 3 – National Unification and the National State
QOD – What caused the American Civil War?
Objective – Describe the unification of Italy and Germany and the impact of nationalism in other parts of Europe and in North America.

34. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
The nationalists goals of 1848 would be achieved later
By 1871 both Germany and Italy were unified, a change caused by the Crimean War. The effect of the Crimean War was to destroy the Concert of Europe and leave Austria without friends among the great powers

35. Italian Unification
Giuseppe Garibaldi was from southern Italy and emerged as a new patriotic leader for unification. Garibaldi raised an army of 1,000 volunteers, called the Red Shirts.
By 1860, Garibaldi controlled most of Sicily. The marched up the mainland and Naples soon fell.
Garibaldi turned his conquests to Piedmont and in 1861 a new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed.
Rome became the capital of the united Italy

36. German Unification
Germans looked to Prussia for leadership in unification.
A new prime minister was appointed, Otto von Bismarck. He practiced realpolitik which was a theory of politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics

37. German Unification
Bismarck collected taxes and strengthened the army. He governed Prussia without legislative approval.
Prussia organized northern German states into a North German Confederation. The southern German states signed military alliances with Prussia for protection against France

38. German Unification
Prussia dominated all of northern Germany. Problems with France soon developed. France feared a strong German state.
Prussia and its southern German allies defeated the French.
Paris surrendered and an official peace treaty was signed in 1871.
The Prussian monarchy and army had achieved German unity.

39. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Great Britain avoided the revolutionary upheavals of the first half of the 19th century
In 1815 the aristocratic classes dominated Parliament
In 1832 Parliament extended the vote to include male members of the middle class, giving them an interest in ruling Britain.
Social and political reforms stabilized Britain through the 1860s

40. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Britain’s economic growth added to the stability.
The British feeling of national pride was reflected in Queen Victoria

41. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
After 1848 events in France moved towards restoring the monarchy.
In the 1852 plebiscite, or popular vote, 97% voted to restore the empire.
Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III, emperor of the Second Empire

42. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Napoleon III’s govt. was authoritarian.
He controlled armed forces, police, and civil service.
Only he could introduce legislation or declare war.
He focused on expanding the economy.
Rebuilding of Paris

43. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Opposition to the emperor arose in the 1860s.
After the Prussians defeated the French, the Second Empire fell.
Czar Alexander II made reforms. In 1861, he freed the serfs with an emancipation edict. Peasants could now own property and marry as they wish.
Alexander II was assassinated in His son turned against reform and returned to the old methods of repression-soldiers, secret police, censorship, etc.

44. Nationalism in the United States
The U.S. Constitution had committed the country to both nationalism and liberalism.
Federalists and Republicans fought bitterly over the division of powers between the federal and state levels.
Federalists wanted a strong central govt.
Republicans wanted strong state govt.

45. Nationalism in the United States
The War of 1812 against the British covered up these divisions.
The election of Andrew Jackson opened a new, more democratic era of American politics. The right to vote was extended to all white males.

46. Nationalism in the United States
By the mid 19th century, the issue of American unity was threatened by slavery.
Abolitionism – a movement to end slavery, arose in the North and challenged the South

47. Nationalism in the United States
Abraham Lincoln was elected president in Seven states decided to succeed from the U.S., setting up the rival Confederate States of America. War broke between the North and the South.
The American Civil War ( ) was bloody. Over 600,000 soldiers. The Union wore down the Confederacy.
1863-Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves.
April 9, 1865, the South surrendered and unity prevailed in the U.S.

48. The Emergence of a Canadian Nation
Canada passed from the French to the British at the end of the Seven Years War. Most Canadians favored more independence from British rule.
Upper Canada-English speaking
Lower Canada- French speaking
The British Parliament joined Upper and Lower Canada into the United Provinces of Canada.

49. The Emergence of a Canadian Nation
John Macdonald, the head of Upper Canada’s Conservative Party, was a strong voice for self rule.
The British gave in, fearing American designs on Canada.
British North American Act-established a self-governing Canadian nation

50. Sect.4-Culture: Romanticism and Realism
QOD – How did the Scientific Revolution lead to secularization?
Objective – Discuss romanticism, science, and the realist movement of the nineteenth century.

51. Romanticism
Romanticism was a movement at the end of the 18th century. It emphasized feelings and imagination as sources of knowing
The romantics valued individualism, the belief in the uniqueness of each person

52. Romanticism Romantics had deep interests in the past.
Poetry was viewed as a direct expression of the soul.
Examples of literature during this time;
Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
The works of Edgar Allen Poe

53. A New Age of Science
The Industrial Revolution increased interest in scientific research.
Louis Pasteur- proposed the germ theory of disease
Secularization. Europeans’ increasing faith in science and the material world weakened their religious faith.

54. A New Age of Science-Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin published his On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Darwin proposed his principle of organic evolution. Species of animals and plants develop through a struggle for existence. Survival of the fittest.
Those that adapt better survive, in a process Darwin called natural selection which was essential to organic evolution.

55. A New Age of Science-Charles Darwin
In the Descent of Man, Darwin argued that human beings had animal origins and were not an exception to the rule governing other species.
His ideas created controversy.
Some objected that his theory made human beings ordinary products rather than unique beings.
Others were bothered by the idea of life as a mere struggle for survival.
Many condemned Darwin for denying God’s hand in creation, but over the years many scientists accepted his theory.

56. Realism
Realism was a literary and visual arts movement that rejected romanticism
Gustave Flaubert perfected the realist novel, most famously in Madame Bovary
Charles Dickens wrote successful realist novels focusing on the lower and middle classes
Gustave Courbet was the most famous realist painter, capturing scenes of workers, peasants, and the wives of saloon keepers. Painted the Stonebreakers.