1. Anatomy Midterm Review Answers
Ms. TePoel’s Anatomy Class

2. Question 1
1) define the difference between the terms anatomy vs physiology.

3. Answer 1 Anatomy – the study of how the body is put together.
Physiology- study of how the body functions.

4. Q 2
Study the three planes in Figure 1.13 on pg 15. Be able to recognize these on a diagram and to describe them in words. Know both names for each:
A) Sagittal/Median Plane
B) Transverse/Horizontal Plane
C) Coronal/Frontal Plane

5. A 2
Study page 15 in the text.
A) Sagital- divides body into right &left halves
B)Transverse- Divides the body into superior & inferior portions. It is often called a cross section
C) Coronal/Frontal- divides the body into front (anterior) & back (posterior) sections.

6. Q 3
3) Study the levels of organization (section 1.3). arrange them from simplest to most complex.

7. A 3
Cells Tissuesorgans Organ systems Organisms

8. Q 4
Define homeostasis? .

9. A 4
Maintaining a constant internal environment.

10. Q 5
6) Describe the difference between the Appendicular verus axial portions of the body.

11. A 5 Appendicular- the upper & lower limbs.
axial – skull & trunk or torso.

12. Q 6
7) Study the body cavities in Figure 1.7 on page 20. You should be able to label these.

13. A 7
7) Study the body cavities in Figure 1.7 on page 20. You should be able to label these.
STUDY THE HANDOUT/Diagram of body cavities.

14. Q 7
8) What is the boundary between the thorax & abdominal cavities?

15. A 7
diaphragm

16. Q 8
9) The mediastinum divides which body cavity into right and left compartments?

17. A 8
Thoracic Cavity into right & left lungs

18. Q 9
13) describe the “Anatomical Position”.

19. A 9 arms to the side with palms forward
feet parallel to each other and flat on the floor
erect body posture
Facing forward.

20. Q 10
16) ) Study the Relative Positions- be able to recognize them if given a description in words or a diagram. (Superior/inferior, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Proximal/Distal, Superficial/Deep)

21. 10 A Superior- Farther up toward the head.
inferior,- Farther down toward the feet.

22. 10-B
16A) . ________________means “toward the front” whereas __________ means “toward the back”.
(Anterior/Posterior)

23. 10C
Medial- toward the midline
Lateral- away from the midline

24. 10-D
. Proximal refers to a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part
Distal- farther down from the point of attachment of a limb.

25. 10 E Superficial- towards the surface.
Deep- Farther below the surface.

26. Q 11
18) *Study Figure 3.17 on pg 89 in the text. Know the function & location of the 4 basic tissue types.

27. A 11 See pg 89 Types: there are four main types of tissues: List them.
1) Epithelial
2) Muscle
3) Nerve
4) Connective

28. Q 11 B
19) List 4 functions of epithelial tissue & tell where it is found.

29. A 11 B
This type of tissue functions in protection, secretion, absorption, & excretion. It covers body surfaces , lines internal organs, & composes glands.

30. 12
__________tissue is the most abundant & widely distributed type. (pg 92):

31. A 12
CONNECTIVE tissue is the most abundant & widely distributed type. (pg 92):
This type of tissue binds, supports, protects, fills spaces, stores fat, and produces blood cells.
Widely distributed.

32. Q 13
22) This type of epithelium lines the inner urinary bladder, ureters, & part of urethra. It is distensible (stretchy)

33. A 13
Transitional Epithelium

34. Q 14
23) This type of epithelium forms the outer layer of skin.

35. A 14
Stratified Squamous Epithelium

36. Q 15
What is the function of adipose tissue & tell where found.

37. A 15
Type of connective tissue that protects, insulates, & stores fats. – Widely distributed.

38. Q 16
This type of connective tissue found in a fetal skeleton, the larynx, & connecting the ribs to the breastbone in _____________.
A) Bone
B) Hyaline cartilage
C) Elastic cartilage
D) Squamous cells
E) Areolar tissue

39. A 16
This type of connective tissue found in a fetal skeleton, the larynx, & connecting the ribs to the breastbone in _____________.
A) Bone
B) Hyaline cartilage
C) Elastic cartilage
D) Squamous cells
E) Areolar tissue

40. Q 17
Type of tissue found in in areas subject to considerable friction & abuse, such as the esophagus.
A) Stratified Columnar epithelium
B) Statified squamous Epithelium
C) Cuboidal
D) Transitional
E) Simple Columnar

41. A 17
Type of tissue found in in areas subject to considerable friction & abuse, such as the esophagus.
A) Stratified Columnar epithelium
B) Statified squamous Epithelium
C) Cuboidal
D) Transitional
E) Simple Columnar

42. Q 18
Another name for fat is __________ tissue.

43. A 18
Another name for fat is adipose tissue.

44. Q 21
Skeletal Muscle tissue = E

45. Q 22 Cardiac muscle tissue = C
(branched & Striated with intercalated disks)

46. Q 23
Simple cuboidal epithelium = B

47. Q 24
Simple squamous epithelium cells = A

48. Q 25
Stratified Squamous Epithelium = D

49. Q 26
30) Another name for the Skin is the ___________________________membrane.

50. A- 26
Cutaneous

51. Q 27
31) The outer layer of the skin is called the __________________, while the inner layer is called the _______________.

52. A 27
31) The outer layer of the skin is called the ____epidermis____, while the inner layer is called the ___dermis__.

53. Q 28
32) What is another name for hypodermis? ______________________layer

54. A 28
Subcutaneous layer

55. Q 29
33) What is Keratinization?

56. A 29
When older skin cells harden.

57. Q 30
34) What type of tissue is found in the epidermis? (p 113)

58. A 30
Stratified Squamous

59. Q 31 Does the epidermis have blood vessels?
Does the dermis have blood vessels?

60. A 31 Does the epidermis have blood vessels? –no
Does the dermis have blood vessels? –yes

61. Q 32
36) What pigment in the skin protects against UV rays & produces skin color?

62. A 32
Melanin

63. Q 33
33) What type of glands in the dermis help to regulate body temperature?

64. A 33
sweat glands

65. Q 34
34) . Which glands in the dermis moisturize the hair shaft by secreting sebum?

66. A 34
Sebaceous glands

67. 39) Study all the bone labeling worksheets that you had, and study the bone labeling test that you got back.

68. 40) Study Figure 5.8 on pg 1464 in the text and study the bones labeling worksheet that you had.

69. # 35- 43 35 C - Diaphysis 36 B- Proximal epiphysis
37 I – distal epiphysis
38 E- epiphyseal line
39 H- medulary cavity
40 G- Compact bone
41 F- Periosteum
42 A- Spongy Bone
43 D- Articular Cartilage

70. Q 44
41) How many vertebrae are in the human neck and what are these vertebrae called?

71. A 44
Cervical vertebrae, 7, in the neck.

72. Q 45
42) What do you call the vertebrae in the upper back & how many does a human have?

73. A 45
Thoracic vertebrae, 12 in humans

74. Q 46
Five ____________vertebrae are in the small of the back (loin) in humans.

75. A 46
Lumbar

76. Q 47
The __________ is a triangular structure, composed of 5 fused vertebrae, that forms the base of the vertebral column.

77. A 47
SACRUM

78. Q 48
48) The ___________ is the lowest part of the vertebral column & is also called the tail bone.

79. A 48
Coccyx

80. Q 49
49) The expanded portion found at the end of long bones, forms a joint (articulates) with another bone is called what?
A) Epiphysis B) Diaphysis C) Periosteum

81. A 49
Epiphysis

82. Q 50
48) What is the anatomical name for the human wrist? ________________________

83. A 50
CARPUS

84. Q 51
49) . What is the anatomical name for the human ankle or the horse’s hock?
A) Tarsus B) Carpus C) Metacarpus

85. A 51
A) Tarsus

86. Q 52 50) What is the lower jaw bone called?
What is the upper jaw bone called?

87. A 52
Lower- mandible
Upper- Maxilla

88. Q 53
51) Bone cells are called ____________________.

89. A 53
Osteocytes

90. Q 54
53) . What type of cells build up new bone tissue?

91. A 54
Osteoblasts

92. Q 55
54) . What type of cells tear down old bone tissue?

93. A 55
Osteoclasts

94. Q 56
56) The upper and lower limbs are part of the __________________skeleton.
A) Axial B) Appendicular C) Central

95. A 56
Appendicular

96. Q 57
57) The ____________ is the only bone in the upper arm and is the longest and strongest bone in the arm.

97. A 57
Humerus

98. Q 58
58) . The ___________bone in the thigh is the longest and strongest bone in the body.

99. A 58
FEMUR

100. Q 59
59) Nerve cells are called _____________

101. A 59
Neurons

102. Q 60
60) The brain and spinal cord makes up the ___________Nervous System.

103. A 60
60) The brain and spinal cord makes up the ___central________Nervous System.

104. Q 61
61) The nerves of the body make up the ___________Nervous System.

105. A 61
Peripheral

106. Q 62
62) ____________ neurons conduct impulses from the receptors to the CNS; also called afferent neurons
a. motor b. sensory c. multipolar d. bipolar

107. A 62
sensory

108. Q 63
63) ___________neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors; also called efferent neurons.

109. A 63
MOTOR

110. Q 64
64) _________ carry impulses toward the cell body of a neuron, while ___________ carry impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.

111. A 64
64) _dendrites________ carry impulses toward the cell body of a neuron, while axons carry impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.

112. Q 65
65) The junction between 2 neurons is called what?

113. A 65
Synapse

114. Q 68
68) The largest portion of the brain, which is responsible for higher thinking skills is the _____________

115. A 68
Cerebrum

116. Q 69
69) The portion of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, balance, & posture is the _______________.

117. A 69
Cerebellum

118. Q 70
74) Thick protein filaments in muscles are called ______________ & thin filaments are called ______________.

119. A 70
Thick protein filaments in muscles are called _myosin & thin filaments are called __actin

120. Q 71
76) List the 3 types of muscle tissue and tell if each is voluntary or involuntary & if each has striations or not. A) B) C)

121. A 71
List the 3 types of muscle tissue and tell if each is voluntary or involuntary & if each has striations or not.
A) Smooth- involuntary, no striations
B) Skeletal- Voluntary, Striated
C) Cardiac- Involuntary, striated

122. Q 72
79) The immovable end of a muscle is called its _______________, and the movable end is called its _______________.

123. A 72
The immovable end of a muscle is called its __origin and the movable end is called its _insertion

124. 73
What is meant by the term “Antagonists” with regard to muscles?

125. Q 74
74) When you don’t get enough oxygen during strenous exercise what builds up in your muscles and what does this build up cuase? _____________________________builds up, which causes __________________________. (p )

126. A74
74) When you don’t get enough oxygen during strenous exercise what builds up in your muscles and what does this build up cuase? Lactic Acid builds up, which causes Soreness (p )

127. Q75 a
A- Pronation –
Forearm rotates medially so the palm faces posteriorly or down.

128. 75 B
b. rotation- The movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

129. 75 C
c. dorsiflexion -
Example is standing on your heels

130. 75 D
d. flexion- Decreases the angle of a joint

131. 75 E
e. adduction- Brings limb toward the body or toward midline

132. 75 F
f. circumduction -
Seen in ball & socket joints

133. 75 G
g. abduction
-Brings limb away from midline or away from the body.

134. 75H
h. supination-
Forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly.

135. 75 I
i. extension-
Increases the angle of a joint.

136. 76
76) ______Muscle tissue that forms valves to regulate the passage of substances through internal body openings
A) Skeletal B) Cardiac C) Smooth

137. A76
C) Smooth

138. Q 77
77) ______ Muscle tissue that is multinucleate

139. A 77
Skeletal

140. Q 78
78) ______ Muscle tissue composed of branching cells and intercalated discs

141. A 78
CARDIAC

142. Q 79
79) ______ Muscle tissue that maintains posture, body position, and stabilizes joints

143. 79
Skeletal

144. # 80-83 80) D- Muscle Fiber 81) B- Endomysium (between fibers)
82) A- Epimysium
83) C- Fasicle