1. Theories of Mass Communication March 15, 2011
APA Citations
Theories of Mass Communication
March 15, 2011

2. Presentation Overview
Refworks
APA resources
Reference List:
How to cite a scholarly article
How to cite a news article
How to cite a government report
How to cite a book
How to cite a website
In-text citations

3. http://ezproxy. villanova. edu/login. URL=http://www. refworks
Refworks is a web-based citation tool. You can export citation information directly from the library’s databases and catalog. Organize citations in folders and share with classmates or group members. The Write-N-Cite tool helps you format in-text citation and automatically adds references to formatted bibliography. Or, generate an APA bibliography without the Write-N-Cite plug-in. Always have your Style Guide handy to double check the automatically generated bibliography because it is prone to certain errors.

4. Create a folder in RefWorks
Folders  Create new folder.

5. APA Resources
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.1
American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide to electronic references. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
APA Style Online Tutorial
APA Style Blog
Research & Documentation Online
Purdue OWL - APA
1. All citation and formatting rules found in this presentation are from this source. Check this area of each slide for a page reference.

6. What is a database? From the Encyclopedia of Health Care Management
Conceptually, a database is an electronic filing system with an indexing structure linking to specific data elements. …The basic element of a database is a field, or variable…The data elements may be text, such as a patient name, or numeric, such as a birth date…A group of related fields is called a record.
Record from PsycINFO

7. Reference List: Formatting
List references in alphabetical order.
Include only works that have been cited in the text of your paper.
Space evenly throughout.
The first line of a citation should be flush left
Indent all subsequent lines (5 spaces).
References
Berelson, B. (1966). Content analysis in communication research. In B. Berelson, and M. Janowitz (Eds.), Reader in Public Opinion and Communication (2nd ed.), pp New York, NY: Free Press.
Severin, W. J., and Tankard, J. W. (2001). Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, and Uses in the Mass Media. New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman.
Shyles, L. (2002). Deciphering Cyberspace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

8. Reference List: Scholarly Articles [Periodicals]
In Print
Author, A.B., & Writer, C.D. (YEAR). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume#, begin page – end page. Gitlin, T. (1978). Media sociology: The dominant paradigm. Theory and Society, 6, p

9. Reference List: Scholarly Articles [Periodicals]
Retrieved Online
Author, A.B., & Writer, C.D. (YEAR). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume#, begin page – end page. doi: 1053/
Wang, Z., Lang, A., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2011). Motivational processing and choice behavior during television viewing: An integrative dynamic approach. Journal of Communication, 61, doi: /j x p

10. Reference List Scholarly Articles [Periodicals]
Always leave names of authors in the order they are given.
More than 7 authors: First 6 authors,…Last author.
DOI not available: Retrieved from URL or name of database
Journals paginated by issue: Include the issue number in parentheses
Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 23(2), p

11. First page of an article

12. Article Record from a Database

13. Automatically generate citations or export to Refworks.
Always double-check!

14. Reference List Newspaper Articles
Print Newspaper Article
Author, D. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title or headline of article. Title of the Newspaper, pp. SectionPage.
“If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. B1, B3, B5-B7).”
Bieply, M., & Barnes, B. (2011, March 1). Younger audience still eludes the Oscars. The New York Times, pp. C1, C7.
p. 200

15. Reference List Newspaper Articles
Online Newspaper Article
Author, D. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title or headline of article. Title of the Newspaper. Retrieved from URL of the homepage
*If no author is provided, begin with the title of the article, then the date.
Bialik, C. (2011, February 26). Pollsters struggle for accurate picture of Mideast. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from
p. 200

17. Reference List Government Reports
Full Name of Department or Agency. (YEAR). Title of the report (ACRONYM Publication No. 1234). Retrieved from URL of the document United States Government Accountability Office. (2005). Independent media development abroad: Challenges exist in implementing U.S. efforts and measuring results (GAO ). Retrieved from GAOREPORTS-GAO /pdf/GAOREPORTS-GAO pdf
Similarly, other organizations or agencies may be listed as the author of an article or news article as appropriate.
p. 205

19. Reference List Books
Author, A.B. (YEAR). Title of the Book. Location: Publisher.
Shyles, L. (2002). Deciphering Cyberspace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
The location should always include the state of cities located in the U.S. International locations should include the country.
p. 202

20. Reference List Book Chapter
Author, A.B. (YEAR). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the Book (pp. beginpage – endpage). Location: Publisher.
*For works retrieved online, include DOI if available, or if not available, use Retrieved from.
Berelson, B. (1966). Content analysis in communication research. In B. Berelson, & M. Janowitz (Eds.), Reader in Public Opinion and Communication (2nd ed.), pp New York, NY: Free Press.
Use book chapter format for anthologies, reference materials, or any book where the author of the chapter differs from the editors or author of the book.

21. Catalog Record

23. Reference List Websites
Basic Citation
Author, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of page or document [Format description]. Retrieved from URL of site
Variations
Format description is only for unusual format types:
Example format descriptions: Blog post, Twitter post, Facebook update, Press release
The author could also be the publishing organization, if no person is named.
Give as specific a date as possible. If no date is available, use the abbreviation (n.d.) for “no date.”
Source: How to cite something you found on a website in APA style from the APA Style Blog

24. Reference List Websites
NBC Universal. (2011). About us. Retrieved from DeGeorges, T. (2011, February 25). I didn’t tape that, my TV alter-ego did [Blog post]. Retrieved from

25. In Text Citations
One or Two Authors
Multiple Authors
Shyles (2002) notes that analog signals are continuous.
Shyles’ 2002 study noted that analog signals are continuous.
Analog signals are continuous (Shyles, 2002).
Severin and Tankard (2001) claim…
(Severin & Tankard, 2001)
Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum (1957) found…(first time cited)
Osgood et al. (1957) found…(subsequent citations)
Osgood et al. found… (subsequent citations within same paragraph as above example)
For more than 6 authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. and the year.
If you have multiple articles written by the same authors, there are several more rules. See page 175 of the APA Publication Manual. p

26. In Text Citations
Organizational Author
No Author
A study by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC, 2004) states… (first citation)
The FCC (2004) claims…(subsequent citations)
Use first few words of the reference (typically the title)
Double quotes around title of article, chapter or webpage; italicize title of periodical, book, or report
This is an example (“Newspaper Article,” 2005).
The book Examples (2007) states…
If an author’s name is given as “Anonymous” then that should be listed as the author’s name for in-text citations. p

27. In Text Citations Direct Quotations
Direct quotes from a source are enclosed in double quotation marks, with the page number given in parentheses at the end of the quote, before the period:
Shyles (2002) claims that the Strowger switch “quickly became the backbone of the world’s telecommunication network” (p. 115).
p. 92

28. In Text Citations Direct Quotations
Quotations of 40 words or more are presented in a block, without quotation marks, with the page number given in parentheses at the end, after the final period:
Dickens (1859) stated:
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going directly to Heaven, we were all going the other way. (p. 1)
p. 92

29. Conclusion
There are many more types of documents that you may need to cite in APA style.
There are unusual situations you may encounter when preparing your reference list.
When in doubt, check a trustworthy APA resource, or the publication manual itself.
Reference librarians are available to help with APA citations.
The Writing Center can help throughout the writing process, including APA formatting.

30. Contact Me
Kristyna Carroll Research Support Librarian for Communication Your Course Guide: