1. Grammar

2. 8 Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection

3. Noun A person, place, thing, or idea
Abstract (love, freedom, philosophy)
Concrete (tree, computer, teddy bear)
Proper (Declan, Katon, Ashley, Scarlet)
Common (declaration, animals, friends)
Regular (cat, dog, friend, bus)
Irregular (enemy, mouse, sheep)
Countable (cookies, shoes, pens)
Uncountable (flour, sand, sugar)

4. Noun-markers/determiners (pronouns and articles) John’s house, his house That house Which house The house Finding nouns? Look for determiners, make plural or possessive, substitute a pronoun

5. Find the noun
The governess insisted that the children should not be allowed to indulge their whims. She instructed the butler, Percy Shaw, to ignore their complaints; as she put it, “These spoiled darlings need to learn the meaning of discipline.”

6. Pronoun Personal (first, second, third person) Impersonal
Nominative, objective, reflexive, and possessive
Impersonal
Indefinite, reciprocal, interrogative, demonstrative, and relative

7. Personal Pronouns
Nominative/subjective pronouns: pronoun used as the subject or subjective complement
Subject:
She is here.
He jogs every day
Subjective Complement:
Who is she?

8. Personal Pronouns
Objective Pronoun: pronoun used as a direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition
Direct object: Lyle understands him.
Indirect Object: Lyle bought him a Christmas present.
Object of the Preposition: Lyle will do anything for him.

9. Personal Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns: refer back to antecedent (noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence)
Lyle found himself stuffed in a suitcase.
Lyle bought himself a Christmas present
Intensive pronouns: refer back to the antecedent and bring attention to subject.
Lyle himself beat the cat

10. Personal Pronouns Possessive pronouns: show possession of a noun
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Determiners act as adjectives and provide more information about the following noun
My, your, his, her, its, our, your, theirs
PERSONAL PRONOUNS NEVER USE AN APOSTOPHE TO SIGNAL POSSESSION.

11. Verbs Verb: shows either action or state of being (existence).
Active: subject performs the action
EX: Scarlet fed the dog.
Passive: always consist of 2 or more words for of “to be” followed by past participle
EX: The dog was fed by Scarlet.

12. Categories of verbs Action Verbs State of Being Verbs
Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs Be Verbs Linking Verbs
Transitive: verbs followed by an object which receives the action
Ex. Aspen lead the cheer.
Ex. The cat ate the poison.
Intransitive: not followed by an object. Sometimes can be followed by a prepositional phrase
Ex. Aspen lead.
Ex. The cat ate.
Ex. The dog ran through the bushes.

13. Categories of verbs
State of being: Be verbs: the most irregular verb Present Tense: I am, we are, you are, you (pl) are, he she it is, they are Past Tense: I was, we were, you were, you(pl) were, he she it was, they were Perfect: have/had been Progressive: am/was being

14. Categories of verbs
Linking Verbs: can be replaced by a form of be without changing the meaning of the sentence
Seemed - They seemed happy.
Tasted – The cookies tasted good.
Smelled – The cookies smelled good.
Looked – The cookies looked good.
Sounded – The cookies sounded good when the broke.
Felt – The cookies felt good on such a cold day.
Become – The cookies became stale.
Appear – The cookies appeared frequently in grammar.
Remain – Cookies remain a source of comfort.
Turn – Leaves turn red, orange, and yellow in the fall.
Grow – Ms. Cooney grew tired of cookies.

15. State of being verbs
Be and linking verbs, by themselves cannot complete a sentence. Be and linking verbs (when used as the main verb) join the subject to an adjective, a noun, or a pronoun that modifies or renames the subject. Jacob is happy (adjective “happy” modifies Jacob) Lyle is a monkey (noun “monkey” renames Lyle) Alex is here (adverb “here” specifies where Alex is)

16. 10 sentence forms Subject – be verb – adverb of time or place
Ex. The dentist is here.
Subject – be verb – predicate adjective (talks about the subject
Ex. The dentist will be generous.
Subject – be verb – predicate noun
Ex. The fish is a friend.
Subject – linking very – predicate adjective
Ex. The fish seems unhappy.
Subject – linking very – predicate noun
Ex. The dentist became a tyrant.

17. 10 Sentence Forms Subject – intransitive verb
Ex. The fish coughed.
Subject – transitive verb – direct object
Ex. The dentist proclaimed the news
Subject – transitive verb – indirect object – direct object
Ex. The dentist gave Nemo his address.
Subject – transitive verb – direct object – adjective
Ex. The dentist considered Nemo gimpy.
Subject – transitive verb – direct object – noun
Ex. The cat considered Nemo a toy