1. Membranes: Epithelial tissue + Connective tissue Mucus membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes

2. Mucous Membranes Mucous membranes (mucosae)
Line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passages, etc.)
Usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue
Submucosa : connective tissue layer that connects the mucosa to underlying structures
Have this slide follow slide 80

3. Mucous Membranes Mucous membranes (mucosae)
May contain goblet cells or multicellular glands
Can produce large quantities of mucus
Mucus consists primarily of water, electrolytes, and the protein mucin
Some mucosae also can absorb (e.g., the epithelial layer in the intestine)

4. Serous Membranes Serous membranes (serosae)
Line walls and cover organs of body cavities (e.g., thorax and abdominopelvic cavities)
Consist of a continuous sheet doubled over on itself to form two layers
Pericardium
Pleura
Peritoneum
The portion of the membrane that
covers the outer surface of organs
is called the visceral layer.
lines the cavity wall is called the
parietal layer.
Fix type size

5. Serosal Fluid
“Serous fluid” – watery, thin, composed of water and enzymes
Creates moist, slippery surface, reduces friction between organs and cavity surfaces
Serous fluid is called transudate
Location of transudate
Thorax – pleural fluid
Abdomen – peritoneal fluid
Heart – pericardial fluid

6. Some medical terms Hemothorax
Injury to thoracic cavity, such as broken rib, the blood and other cells leak from ruptured capillaries into the pleural space and create a hemothorax
Effusion – excessive fluid
Abdominal Cavity – called ascites
Thoracic Cavity – called pleural effusion
Heart – pericardial effusion
Causes –congestive heart failure, peritonitis

7. Transudate: A fluid that passes through a membrane, which filters out all the cells and much of the protein, yielding a watery solution.
A transudate is a filtrate of blood. It is due to increased pressure in the veins and capillaries that forces fluid through the vessel walls or to a low level of protein in blood serum.
Transudate accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and causes edema (swelling).

8. Cutaneous Membrane Also called integument (or, more simply, skin)
Composed of an outer keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, or epidermis
Epidermis is attached to an underlying layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the dermis.
Dermis contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers which enable skin to be both strong and elastic

9. Diagnosing by mucous membrane clues:
Are they Dry or Moist?
Dehydration = dry, “tacky”
Capillary Refill Time- the time it takes for blood to return to the capillaries
>2 sec – low blood pressure, compromised cardiac output
< 1 sec – high blood pressure, hypercompensated state

10. Synovial Membranes Line the cavities of joints
Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Manufacture the synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces
No epithelial cells!

12. Yellow = elevated bilirubin
What Color?
Yellow = elevated bilirubin
icterus (condition), juandice (appearance)
can be caused by liver failure, hemolytic anemia
Blue = lack of oxygen, tissues are not receiving adequate oxygen (obstruction, pneumonia - airways)
called hypoxia
Bright Red = increased blood flow (allergic reaction, fever), the term for this is hyperfused
hyperemia
White/ Pale = anemia, shock, hypothermia

18. Muscle Tissue Composed of specialized proteins actin and myosin fibers
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

19. Skeletal Muscle Large cells (foot long or more!)that contain hundreds
of nuclei and mitochondria
Usually controlled through conscious efforts (voluntary muscle)
Skeletal muscle cells are striated.
Skeletal muscle cells are bundles of fibers held together by loose connective tissue.
Voluntary Striated Muscle

21. Smooth Muscle
Composed of small, spindle-shaped cells that lack striations
Smaller cells than skeletal muscle
Muscle contractions cannot be consciously controlled (nonstriated involuntary muscle)
Found in the walls of hollow organs, in exocrine glands, and along the respiratory tract
Responsible for peristalsis in gastrointestinal tract, constriction of blood vessels, and emptying of urinary bladder
Fix type size after adding figure from 91.

23. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Also smaller cells
Entirely involuntary and striated
Cardiac muscle cells connected to one another via intercalated disks
(intercellular junction)

25. Nervous Tissue Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Composed of two general cell types:
Neurons
Supporting neuroglial cells

26. Nervous Tissue Longest cells in the body; three primary parts:
Neurons
Longest cells in the body; three primary parts:
Perikaryon – the cell body; contains the nucleus
Dendrites – short cytoplasmic extensions; receives impulses
Axons – long, single extension; conducts impulses away from the cell body
Neuroglial cells
Support the neurons
Fix type size