1. Warm Up Draw and label the parts of an atom.
Using the terms: proton, neutron, electron, nucleus, electron cloud.

2. Biochemistry
Chapters 2 & 3

3. Matter Occupies space & has mass
Mass: any quantity of matter an object has
All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms
Atoms: simplest particle of an element that retains that element’s properties.
Nucleus: positive core (protons & neutrons)
Electron Cloud: negative region (electrons) - - + - + + + + - -

4. Elements
Element: substance made up of atoms that have the same number of protons
Ex: each atom of the Carbon element have 6 protons. »The number of electrons (ions) and neutrons (isotopes) can vary.

5. Electrons Negatively charged
Located in orbitals (in electron cloud) around nucleus
Orbital 1 holds 2 electrons
Orbital 2 (and ↑) hold 8 electrons
Valance Electrons: electrons in outermost orbital
Atoms want to be stable…stable means 8 (except for H and He…stable means 2).

6. Chemical Bonding
Atoms bond with other atoms to fill the outermost orbital
When atoms combine, a chemical bond holds them together
Chemical bond: attractive forces that hold atoms together
Covalent (non-metal/non-metal only) or Ionic (all other types of bonds)

7. Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bond: one atom donates electron(s) to another atom
Ex: NaCl
(Cl gains 1 electron from Na)
Covalent Bond: 2 or more atoms share electrons
Ex: H2O
(H needs 1 electron and O needs 2 electrons)

8. Compounds Made up of atoms of 2 or more elements bonded to one another
Most atoms are not stable alone…so
React with one another to become stable
6 most common elements found in living things:
N-CHOPS (Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur)
all non-metals…covalent bonding…share e-

9. Covalent Bond Modeling
1. Write symbol for each element.
2. Cover symbol with correct color atom.
C - Black, H - Yellow, O - Red, Cl - Blue
3. Use FrootLoop to represent valance e-.
Be sure to pencil in e- before removing FrootLoop
4. Rearrange e- to pair up e- from each atom.
5. Draw circles to show sharing of e-.
6. Draw bond structure using symbols and lines.
7. Use atom and wooden pegs to represent drawing from step #6.

10. Warm Up
How many valance electrons does Carbon have? How many bonds can Carbon form?

11. Carbon Bonding 2 categories of compounds: Carbon Atoms:
Organic: primarily made of Carbon atoms
Inorganic: do not contain Carbon atoms
Carbon Atoms:
4 e- in outer orbital (needs 4 e-)
Readily forms 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
Unique: Carbon atoms bond with other Carbon atoms
Forming straight chains, branched chains, and rings

12. Carbon Bonding

13. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomer: small, simple Carbon molecule
Building blocks
6 carbon rings
Polymer: repeated, linked monomers
Macromolecule: large polymer
Ex: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins.

14. Dehydration & Hydrolysis
Dehydration: water molecule is released when a monomer bonds to another monomer (or polymer)
When building bonds
Also called condensation reactions
Hydrolysis: water molecules are used to break down a polymer
When breaking bonds
Energy is released when breaking bonds

15. Dehydration Each Carbon in monomers have 4 bonds already (stable)
What must be done to bond to another carbon monomer? (To create an organic molecule)
Break bonds to make bonds
Lose a water molecule

16. Dehydration Models Collect Materials
Complete condensation/dehydration reactions
Cut and tape carbon molecule (monomers) together
Cut water drop and glue/tape O,H,H into it
Answer questions.
Save macromolecule in notes.

17. Warm Up
How are dehydration and hydrolysis reactions related to organic molecules?

18. Macromolecules Formed via dehydration reactions
Monomers bond together form polymers
Monomers bonded to polymers to form macromolecules
4 types:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

19. Carbohydrates Composed of: C, H, O
Function: Source of energy & structural material for organisms
Structure: basic ring structure
Can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monomer of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.

20. Proteins Composed of: C, H, O, N
Function: enzymes, build muscle, hair, horns, and skin
Structure:
Central carbon
Carboxyl group
Amine group
Hydrogen
R group
Monomer of a protein is an amino acid
20 different Amino Acids

21. Proteins R group Also called the functional group
Influences the characteristics and chemical reaction of molecules that they compose
Create the variety among amino acids
Ex: -OH (hydroxyl) group makes the molecule polar

22. Lipids Composed of: C, H, O
Function: storage of energy, protection (waxy coating), steroids
Structure:
Carboxyl (COOH) (polar head)
Long carbon chain (nonpolar tail)
Monomer of a lipid is a fatty acid
C-C and C-H bonds are high energy
Lipids store more energy than other organic molecules

23. Nucleic Acids Composed of: C, N, P, O
Function: store & transfer information, direct cell activities, manufacture proteins
Structure:
Phosphate Group
Carbon (Sugar)
Nitrogenous base
Monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide

24. Warm Up

25. Macromolecule Project
Collect materials
Use colored pencils, markers, or crayons
Include: Composition, Structure (include labels), Function, and example(s).
and any fun fact you find
Be consistent with colors
Ex: make all Hydrogen Red, and all Carbons Black, etc.
Be neat and creative!
If you don’t finish in class, it’s homework!
Due tomorrow!

26. Warm Up

27. McMush Lab

28. Warm Up

29. Enzymes Most made of protein Acts as biological catalyst:
Accelerates chemical reaction
Active site-specific for substrate
Reactions break substrate down
Very common in human body
Hemoglobin binds with oxygen
Enzymes in stomach aid breakdown of food for digestion

30. Enzymes
Lock & Key

31. Mello Jell-O Lab