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A tour of the cell Chapter 4.

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Presentation on theme: "A tour of the cell Chapter 4."— Presentation transcript:

1 A tour of the cell Chapter 4

2 Most Cells Are Microscopic

3 Effect of Cell Size on Surface Area

4 Scanning & Transmission Electron Microscopes

5

6 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells

7 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
Human cells have three basic parts: Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles Nucleus—control center

8 NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Centriole Ribosomes Figure 4.4A An animal cell. Peroxisome Golgi apparatus CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule Plasma membrane Intermediate filament Mitochondrion Microfilament

9 NUCLEUS: Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Chromosome
Ribosomes Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus CYTOSKELETON: Central vacuole Microtubule Chloroplast Intermediate filament Cell wall Plasmodesmata Microfilament Figure 4.4B A plant cell. Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall of adjacent cell

10 Plasma Membrane Bimolecular layer of lipids and proteins
Constantly changing Dynamic role in cellular activity Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF) Outside cell Inside cell

11 The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center
Contains chromatin, a complex of proteins and DNA Genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins Bound by a nuclear envelope with pores Contains a nucleolus, dark-staining spherical bodies w/in nucleus (ribosome assembly)

12 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory
Interconnected tubes & parallel membranes (cisternae) Continuous with nuclear membrane Two varieties: Rough ER-external surface studded with ribosomes Ribosomes are the platform for protein synthesis Smooth ER-lacks ribosomes; functions in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs, synthesis of steroid sex hormones

13 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) Digest unwanted material for the cell Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases Peroxisomes Detoxify harmful or toxic substances, neutralize dangerous free radicals

14 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
Double-membrane structure with shelflike cristae and its own DNA Provide most of cell’s ATP

15 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
Chloroplasts: plant organelles ; site of photosynthesis Found in: All green parts of a plant; leaves are main site of photosynthesis Contain: green pigment chlorophyll involved in photosynthesis

16 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
Stroma Inner and outer membranes Figure 4.15 The chloroplast. Granum Intermembrane space

17 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
Stacked and flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) Protein processing Rough ER ER membrane Phagosome Plasma mem- brane Vesicle becomes lysosome Secretory vesicle Golgi apparatus Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid

18 The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol Microtubules (hollow) Microfilaments (solid) Intermediate filaments (solid)

19 Intermediate filament Microtubule
Nucleus Nucleus Actin subunit Fibrous subunits Tubulin subunit Figure 4.17 Fibers of the cytoskeleton: microfilaments are stained red (left), intermediate filaments are stained yellow-green (center), and microtubules are stained green (right). 7 nm 10 nm 25 nm Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule

20 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Flagella - whiplike, tails that move entire cell Cilia -short, hairlike structures that move substances across cell surfaces

21 Membrane Junctions Three types:
Tight junctions- Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells Desmosomes- Rivets” or “spot-welds” that anchor cells together Gap junctions-Transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell For spread of ions between cardiac or smooth muscle cells

22 Tight junctions Anchoring junction Gap junctions Plasma membranes
Figure 4.21 Three types of cell junctions in animal tissues. Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix

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