1. Seedless vs. Seed bearing Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
Vascular Plants
Seedless vs. Seed bearing
Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms

2. Simple Vascular Plants
Ferns

3. Fern Life Cycle

4. Adaptations for Land
Dehydration – live in shaded, moist regions; waxy cuticle; roots for water absorption; vascular tissue for transport.
Nutrient/Waste Exchange – photosynthetic in both generations, even when immature; vascular tissue and roots.
Gamete Transmission – archegonia/antheridia close together under prothallus; gametes can “swim” through a thin film of water from antheridia to archegonia.
Structural Support – vascular tissue and roots

5. Seed-bearing Plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

6. Life cycle
Diploid sporophyte larger and more conspicuous than haploid gametophyte
Most no longer have an independent gametophyte (has been reduced to a few cells dependent on the sporophyte)

7. Gymnosperms

8. Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms have seeds with no covering (i.e. a fruit or a seed coat).
They bear woody cones that hold the seeds.
Gymnos means naked,
Sperm means seed:
gymnosperm = naked seeds.
There are 700 living species
placed into four divisions:
conifers ginkgos
cycads gnetales (such as Ephedra).

9. Female Cone
Male Cone

10. CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS…
With greater knowledge of the structure and function of living things the way in which they are classified is gradually being refined.
At one stage in the development of plant taxonomy all those plants that produced seeds were grouped together as Spermaphyta, which was subdivided into two classes, the gymnosperms and the angiosperms.
In Gymnospermae (from the Greek gymnos, meaning 'naked', and sperms, meaning 'seed') the ovules are on the upper surface or edges of open scales. As the seeds mature the scales may harden to form:
a cone, as in most conifers,
or they may become fleshy, as in the cycads and ginkgo.
Taxonomists no longer use gymnosperms as a group in classification because the differences between the conifers, cycads and ginkgo seem to be as great as the differences between any one of these classes and the angiosperms.
So conifers, cycads, the ginkgo and angiosperms are now all separate classes.

11. Gymnosperm Adaptations
Dehydration – thin, needlelike leaves, which help the plants resist hot, cold, and or dry climates; hard, waxy cuticle helps retain moisture; roots that extend over a wide surface area, rather than deeply.
Nutrient/Waste Exchange – photosynthetic; vascular tissue
Gamete Transmission – pollen grain is designed to catch the wind; female cone is tipped up to receive pollen and has sticky material to catch passing pollen; seeds ensure the survival of embryos by reducing excessive water loss
Structural Support – vascular tissue, strengthened by special chemicals, allow these to reach heights unattainable by nonvascular plants; broad shallow root system helps anchor to locations with scant soil and create a network for support.

12. Life Cycle of a Conifer

14. Angiosperms Angiosperms were the last of the seed plant groups to
evolve.
Angiosperms all produce
flowers containing the sexual
reproduction structures.
The angiosperms (angios = covered, sperm = seed)
produce fruits and seeds.
There are presently 235,000
known living species.