1. April 24th/25th Notes 12.c: Adaptations

2. TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Temperature, salinity, dissolved gases, water pressure, nutrients, currents, light, suspended sediments, substrate, river inflow, tides and waves are some of the non-living factors that influence an ocean ecosystem.
12. Ocean Diversity

3. Temperature Narrow range of temperature in oceans
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Temperature
Narrow range of temperature in oceans
Smaller variations (daily, seasonally, annually)
Deep ocean is nearly isothermal
12. Ocean Diversity

4. Temperature 12. Ocean Diversity Stenothermal Eurythermal
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Temperature
Stenothermal
Eurythermal
Organisms withstand small variation in temperature
Typically live in open ocean
Organisms withstand large variation in temperature
Typically live in coastal waters
Temperature is the most important regulator of the distribution of marine species
Temperature exerts a strong control on the rate of chemical reactions. This, in turn, affects the chemical synthesis of enzymes in the cells of organisms and thus the growth rates, reproductive success, and general activity of organisms.
For the majority of marine organisms, their cell or body temperature is the same as the temperature of the water that surrounds them.
Generally, the rate of biological activity of marine organisms tends to double for every 10 degrees rise in water temperature. Therefore the biota of polar seas grow more slowly, reproduce less frequently and live longer than organisms of the tropical seas.
In most cases, larvae and juvenile are more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than mature adults of the same species.
12. Ocean Diversity

5. TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Temperature
In most cases, larvae and juvenile are more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than mature adults of the same species.
In most cases, larvae and juvenile are more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than mature adults of the same species.
12. Ocean Diversity

6. S E Salinity Coral Reef fishes Clams Sting ray Haddock Oysters
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Salinity
Stenohaline
Euryhaloline
Organisms withstand small variation in salinity
Typically live in open ocean
Organisms withstand large variation in salinity
Typically live in coastal waters (e.g., estuaries)
Organisms that live near the shore or surface must be able to tolerate salinity changes or must be able to migrate as salinity changes while those that live below the halocline do not need to be able to tolerate salinity changes.
More marine fishes have cellular fluids with salinities that are lower than the salinity of SW and would, thus, lose water through osmosis to the surrounding environment and become dehydrated. Most counteract this by drinking SW, urinating infrequently and excreting salt ions through cells in their gills. S E
Clams
Oysters
Coral
Haddock
Sting ray
Reef fishes
12. Ocean Diversity

7. Salinity 12. Ocean Diversity
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Salinity
More marine fishes have cellular fluids with salinities that are lower than the salinity of SW and would, thus, lose water through osmosis to the surrounding environment and become dehydrated. Most counteract this by drinking SW, urinating infrequently and excreting salt ions through cells in their gills.
12. Ocean Diversity

8. Dissolved Gases 12. Ocean Diversity
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Dissolved Gases
The depth to which an organism can live in the ocean is determined by the amount of gases in the organism; deep water organisms are composed mainly of water.
Hydrostatic pressure is a function of the density of the SW and the total height of the water column. On average, approximately 10m of depth is equivalent to 1 atm of pressure.
The depth to which an organism can live in the ocean is determined by the amount of gases in the organism; deep water organisms are composed mainly of water.
12. Ocean Diversity

9. Scattering Layers False bottom or Phantom bottom 12. Ocean Diversity
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Scattering Layers
False bottom or 
Phantom bottom
false bottom or phantom bottom
12. Ocean Diversity

10. Scattering Layers 12. Ocean Diversity
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Scattering Layers
The swim bladders of large numbers of mesopelagic fishes cause sonar waves to be reflected in a recognizable layer
The swim bladder is inflated when the fish wants to move up. Given the high pressures in the messoplegic zone, this requires significant energy. 
In the early days (during and immediately after World War II) of developing sonar equipment used to take depth soundings, people began to notice a layer between the surface and the bottom that reflected some of the sound energy. It almost looked like a false bottom, except the layer reflected a more diffuse, thick signal. In addition, as people examined this layer in more detail, they noticed that it moved, and it moved in a predictable fashion - upward at night and back down during the day, where it hovered in the mid-water column. Very curious. It was soon called the Deep Scattering Layer because it scattered the sonar signals. 
12. Ocean Diversity

11. Scattering Layers 12. Ocean Diversity
TODAY’S TARGETS: I can identify what factors control where life in the ocean exists, such a temperature and salinity, using target vocabulary.
Scattering Layers
In the early days (during and immediately after World War II) of developing sonar equipment used to take depth soundings, people began to notice a layer between the surface and the bottom that reflected some of the sound energy. It almost looked like a false bottom, except the layer reflected a more diffuse, thick signal. In addition, as people examined this layer in more detail, they noticed that it moved, and it moved in a predictable fashion - upward at night and back down during the day, where it hovered in the mid-water column. Very curious. It was soon called the Deep Scattering Layer because it scattered the sonar signals. 
12. Ocean Diversity