1. The Cultural Geography of Europe
Unit 4 – Chapter 12

2. I. Section I
Population Patterns

3. A. Ethnic Diversity Ethnic Groups Ethnic Tensions Sources of Unity
Europe is home to more than 160 separate ethnic groups
Ethnic Tensions
The Balkan Peninsula has had lots of turmoil because of these tensions
Yugoslavia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo
Ethnic Cleansing – killing rival ethnic groups
As a result, many people become refugees – people who flee to a foreign country
Sources of Unity
Europeans in recent years have been striving towards more unity

4. B. Population Characteristics
Population Density
Europe’s population density is greater than that of any other continent except Asia.
Population Distribution
Compare maps on pg. 262 & pg. 260
Why do people choose to live where they do?

5. C. Urbanization Urban Features Population Movements
About 75% of the population lives in the cities
What does this cause?
Population Movements
During the 1800s & early 1900s, many Europeans migrated to the Americas and other areas
Since the mid-1900s, not many people have left Europe but many foreign people moved in (often to fill open jobs)
Later, when the economy slowed down, this caused tension
Europe’s overall population is shrinking
Make sure you read pgs

6. II. Section II
History & Government

7. A. The Rise of Europe Early Peoples
Fossils show that early people lived in Europe more than a million years ago!
Ancient Greece & Rome
The 1st ancient civilization was the Greek
400s – 300s B.C.
The 2nd was the Romans
27 B.C – A.D. 180
City-States were originally formed during this time
A Christian Europe
In the late A.D. 300s, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, and later one of the world’s major religions
The Middle Ages
After the fall of Feudalism occurred during this timeRome, Europe entered the Middle Ages (A.D )

8. B. Expansion of Europe
Crusades – a series of brutal religious wars – to win Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule
European Explorations
In the 1400s, Europe began exploring the rest of the world

9. Expansion of Europe (Cont.)
Renaissance – during this period, many Europeans developed a higher interest in the Arts
The Reformation movement occurred during this time
Lessened the power of the Roman Catholic church and led to the beginnings of Protestantism

10. C. Changing Europe Make sure you read this section (pg. 297-300)!
Revolutions
Enlightenment – political & economic revolutions
Industrial Capitalism – an economic system in which business leaders used profits to expand their countries
Under this system, new classes emerged
Social problems led to the birth of communism – society based on economic equality

11. C. (cont) Conflict & Division
WWI – – caused by rivalries among European powers (for colonies and economic power)
Reparations – payment for damages
WWII – – because of unsolved problems from WWI and a worldwide depression, Mussolini and Hitler gained control of Italy and Germany
They expanded their countries’ control, which led to the war
Holocaust – major horror of WWII – mass killing of over 6 million Jews
WWII left Europe ruined and divided – part was communist (controlled by the Soviet Union) and part was democratic
This division led to the Cold War

12. C. (cont – Holocaust) – Mass grave sites and mass killing of Jews

13. C. (cont – Holocaust) – Jewish children that were used for experiments

14. C. (cont) The Cold War in Europe
Cold War – a power struggle between the communist world (led by Soviet Union) and the noncommunist world (led by U.S.)
A divided Germany became the “hot point” of the Cold War
A New Era for Europe
From 1950s-1980s, revolts against communist rule swept E. Europe
The infamous Berlin Wall came down in 1990 and the two parts of Germany reunited
3 years later, Czechoslovakia split into two separate countries
1990s – European Union (EU) was formed – goal to unite countries – now contains 25 countries
1992 – Maastricht Treaty signed – common bank and currency
1999 – Euro – common currency launched

15. III. Section III
Cultures & Lifestyles

16. A. Expressions of Cultures
Languages
About 50 different languages
About 100 different dialects
Language Family
Mostly Indo-European
Slavic – Polish, Czech, etc.
Baltic – Latvian, etc.
Germanic – German, Dutch, English, etc.
Romance Languages (comes from Latin) – Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Romanian
Others – Greek, Albanian, Celtic

17. A. Expressions of Cultures(cont)
Religion
Primarily Christianity
Mostly Roman Catholics
Pope is the head of this church
Where is he located?
Religion has caused many wars here
Northern Ireland – Catholics vs. Protestants
the Good Friday Peace Agreement

18. A. Expressions of Cultures (cont)
Arts
Close relationship between religion and architecture
Romanticism – arts focused on emotions
Realism – arts depicting everyday life
Impressionism – experiences of the natural world

19. B. Quality of Life Differences Education
Western Europe – more industrialized
Eastern & Southern Europe – more struggles
Education
Countries with more educated people = more economic success
State-Sponsored Human Services
Welfare States – offer complete social welfare to their citizens
Helps provide higher education, health care, and social security

20. C. Lifestyles Home Life Sports & Recreation Celebrations
Extended families & family importance
Sports & Recreation
Soccer is major sport
Rugby
Tennis
Skiing
Cycling
Celebrations
Europeans celebrate many of the same holidays as us but their holidays often include many traditions passed down through several generations