1. Part 2 - HYDROSPHERE
This sphere comprises all the water on Earth, whether it’s in lakes, rivers, oceans, or frozen.

2. Hydrosphere stats
Suppose this pie chart represents all the water on Earth. How much is freshwater and how much is saline?
Fresh (3%)
Saline (97%)

3. Of this freshwater… 69% of it is frozen 30% of it is groundwater
… so that leaves 1% on the surface of the Earth. This 1% is mostly in lakes and rivers

4. Splitting up the hydrosphere
Scientists tend to categorize the hydrosphere into 3 categories:
Inland waters and watersheds (freshwater)
Oceans (saline)
Cryosphere (frozen freshwater)

5. Inland waters and watersheds
This involves any kind of freshwater, including lakes, rivers, swamps, and groundwater.
A watershed (or catchment) is an area in which ALL waters drain into the same body of water.

6. Watersheds 5 factors that influence watersheds:
Topography (shape of land)
Geology (its rocks and soil)
Climate
Amount of vegetation
Human development

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9. Oceans
5 Oceans:
Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Arctic
Southern

10. What causes ocean currents?
Surface currents are caused mostly by wind. Deeper currents are affected by differences in temperature and salinity.

11. Ocean temperature This image shows a profile view of the ocean.
The top part (epipelagic zone) is relatively warm.
The temperature plummets as you sink deeper because of the lack of sunlight.

12. Ocean salinity
The ocean is approximately 3.5% saline. What is that concentration in g/L???
What factors will influence this salinity?

13. Ocean salinity
The ocean is approximately 3.5% saline. What is that concentration in g/L???
What factors will influence this salinity?
Melting ice in polar regions. This decreases ocean salinity.
Warm temperatures causing water to evaporate. This increases ocean salinity.

14. Heat and temperature summary
Step 1: Warm water from the Gulf Stream (near the equator) makes its way toward Europe, heading North.
Step 2: As the water moves north, the water cools down, becoming more __________. Because of this, it starts to sink.

15. Heat and temperature summary
Step 3: This cold dense water flows back toward the equator, where it gets warmed up again.
This system of currents caused by fluctuations in temperature and salt concentration are called _______________________.
They are also sometimes called the ________________________.

16. Thermohaline Circulation

17. Exam question
Where is the water densest?

18. Cryosphere
This refers to all of the freshwater that is frozen. There are 3 types:
Pack ice (floating on oceans)
Icebergs (floating on oceans)
Glaciers (ice covering the surface of land)
Our snow doesn’t count since it melts every year.

19. Cryosphere
Pack ice (pack ice melting will cause sea level rise).

20. Cryosphere
Icebergs form when ice breaks off glaciers and fall into the ocean.
Icebergs melting will cause negligible sea level rise.

21. Cryosphere
Glaciers are massive amounts of ice formed by compressed snow that sit on land.
Glaciers melting could cause devastating sea level rise.

23. Very important consequences of glacial melt:
Can cause sea level rise, to the extent that some of the world’s major cities go underwater should the trend continue.
Melted freshwater being dumped into the ocean can greatly reduce the concentration of salt, thus disrupting the Earth’s thermohaline current.

24. Comprehensive Question
Explain how GHGs could cause the average temperature in Europe to plummet.

25. Energy Sources of the hydrosphere:

26. Hydroelectricity This harnesses the power of moving water.
The kinetic energy of moving water is transformed into electrical energy.
This is a renewable source of energy, and minimal GHGs are created.

27. James Bay, 1979

28. Underwater Ocean Turbines
These are like wind turbines that are placed deep in water and spin with the current.
They are not widely used at this point.
Renewable and no GHGs, but they can only be used in very limited areas.

29. World’s first large scale commercial Tidal Stream Power Generator
Sea Gen
World’s first large scale commercial Tidal Stream Power Generator
Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland
Blade up for repair

30. Fill these in on your energy table!
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