1. The Olympic Ideal & Modern Sport

2. This chapter… How sports developed from 18th & 19th centuries
How the British way of playing fair & to the letter of the law – ethics of sport – came about

3. Sport is an important aspect of life within society
Thus reflects society – when cruel & riotous so was sport. When civilised so was sport. Sopciety also recognised and appreciate women within society – so did sport

4. Sport like society has gone through several clear stages
popular recreation
post - industrialisation
Industrialisation
Rational recreation

5. Pre - industrialisation
Pop Rec was a feature of life before industrialisation. It means ‘recreations for the populace’ Were all classes involved in the same forms of recreation? Upper classes – the aristocracy – played …….? Working classes – the peasants – played……..? When could the working classes play?
UC – refined games with complex rules such as real tennis and fencing
WC – mob games – farming year so dictated by seasons – recreation was provided by the chruches holy days and festivals – occasional happenings

6. Characteristics of early games like mob football

7. Characteristics of early games like mob football
Local, often rural
disorganised / unstructured
few/simple rules
working class involved
violent
participants NOT spectators
limited equipment/facilities
played on festivals/holidays
Based on force not skill

8. Industrialisation
Society began to change and so did sport! Leisure time was sparce. Why?
Machine doing tasks that were done be people
Factories employed thousands of people – lived in terrace houses little space – worked long 12 hr shifts for six days.

9. Urbanisation affected sport
Upper & middle classes unaffected by urbanisation & continued playing their sport WHY?
Urbanisation affected sport

10. Urbanisation affected sport
No sporting rivalry
No space
Traditional sports had to change to suit new environment
Machines dictated working hours – 6 day week (eventually reduced to 5 ½)
Church on a Sunday- day of rest
Poorly paid
Lack of facilities

11. What did middle-class factory owners & the church begin to do?

12. What did middle-class factory owners & the church begin to do?
Provided land & sports clubs/teams
Saw benefits of improving morale & loyalty
Improving health
Means of social control

13. Conditions gradually improved
The improvement
The effect it had on sport
Five & a half day week
Wages increased
Railways developed & communications improved
Competitions grew in size and so did spectator interest this lead to PROFESSIONALISM & INCREASED MEDIA INTEREST

14. Sports were developed to suit this new environment
Five & a half day week
Sport could be played (only by a few because of space) so main involvement was to spectate
Wages increased
Could afford to watch & play sport
Railways developed & communications improved
Assisted development of fixtures, competitions, leagues. Easier travel meant spectator sport blossomed
The middle classes controlled sport.
Dictated leisure time
Used women & children for cheap labour – disease was common
Initially no parks & street games were illegal
Pubs were the cultural centre of the working population
Sports were developed to suit this new environment

15. Exam questions
1. Sports were rationalised in the 19th century English public schools.
What is meant by the term rational recreation? (2 marks)
2. Why were the majority of sports rationalised in the 19th century? (4 marks)

16. Exam questions
1. Sports were rationalised in the 19th century English public schools.
What is meant by the term rational recreation? (2 marks)
1. (Played) regularly/often;
2. (Rules) – written/complex/sophisticated;
3. (Behaviour) – etiquette/codes of behaviour/civilised/fair play/sportsmanship;
4. (Highly Structured) – set times/number of players/boundaries;
5. (Skill) – refined/complex/developed. 2 marks
2. Why were the majority of sports rationalised in the 19th century? (4 marks)
1. Society becoming more civilised/manners/less violent;
2. Middle class were in control of society’s values/social control of working
classes;
3. Industrialisation – need for disciplined workforce;
4. Era of social reform/philanthropists;
5. Mass of population needed entertaining;
6. Lack of space meant no room for old popular recreations;
7. Administration needed as more clubs/national governing bodies.

17. Emergence of rational recreation
Traditional aspects of popular sport (gambling/drunkenness)became less of a force because of the moralising influence exerted by the middle classes via the developing traditions of public school education
What did middle class sport entail?
Why did the middle classes take part in sport?
FAIR PLAY
Strict rules & reg
Strict amateur ethos
Played for pleasure and as a form of charcaterbuilding

18. 3 major contributions to the emergence of rational recreation:

19. Codification Rules permit you to compete on equal terms
Major influence came from the public schools where sports were promoted as a means of providing boys with discipline
The boy then took these rules with them to university & the armed forces – where they established sports clubs
The leaders of these clubs lead to an agreed set of rules which led to the formation of NGB’s – what did this do?
Development of regional & local organisations – competitions more teams - more matches

20. Sport & PA was the British dominance in the world in terms of industrialisation
British way of life went to Europe and further afield
European & South American football & athletic clubs were soon developed for the British travelling abroad – however the locals began enjoying these new games
In far-flung corners of the world British dominance was evident – armed forces, British missionaries, engineers & administrators

21. Exam question
How did the 19th century public schools and universities influence the development of games and their spread into wider society? (4 marks)
Why was participation in sport by the working class delayed compared with participation by the middle and upper classes in the 19th century? (3 marks)

22. 2. No facilities of their own/little public provision;
Development of games
Spread into society
1. Developed rules/boundaries/playing
numbers/facilities
2. Competitions/House/inter-school
3. Training/coaching
4. Skills/tactics / strategies
5. Leadership/captain
6. Kit to define teams
7. Ethics/morals/muscular/Christianity/athleticism
Must relate to Universities or beyond to credit
8. Acted as melting pots
9. Codification
10. More variety
11. Higher standards
12. Factory /church teams
13. Provided facilities .
employers/church
14. Officers to troops
15. British Empire . across the
world/diplomats/politicians
16. Old Boys/ Old Girls
network
17. Clubs/governing bodies
18. Teachers to schools
1. Little leisure time/had to wait for leisure time e.g. Wednesday half day/little disposable income;
2. No facilities of their own/little public provision;
3. Traditional activities lost in urban areas (eg mob football)/legislation/banning;
4. Lack of space for mass of population;
5. No schooling until 1870/then only drill/no sport or recreation focus;
6. Poor health of population/little energy;
7. NGBs/administration was controlled by upper/middle classes.

23. Home learning Read chapter 17 Answer Q’s on page 251
Revise – Revise - Revise 

24. Public school influence on sport & the gentleman amateur
QUICK QUIZ
Who were public schools for?
What was the aim of the schools?
What personal qualities were encourage in the schools?
What is athleticism?
After the public schools men went to university what did they do?
Quick quiz –
Class systems in place

25. Who were public schools for? Fee-paying middle & upper classes
QUICK QUIZ
Who were public schools for?
Fee-paying middle & upper classes
What was the aim of the schools?
Produce further generations of men who would guide the government and industry of the UK and the developing empire
What personal qualities were encourage in the schools?
Leadership, loyalty, courage, discipline & commitment
What is athleticism?
A fanatical devotion to sport that developed physical, social & moral aspects of young men
After the public schools men went to university what did they do?
Returned to school to teach or entered the clergy
Quick quiz –
Class systems in place

26. Professional or amateur?
What's the difference between the two?
Individuals who played wanted to keep a class divide and they used sport as a means of social control
The distinction between professional & amateur was enforced through strict rules about membership
ROWING PICTURE!!!!!! - no membership for those who worked manual labour
Cricket
Athletics
Gentlemen amateur – a sportsmen who, because of his social position & financial situation, had no need for monetary reward from participating in sport

27. pictures
no membership for those who worked manual labour
The upper classes not only managed to play sports the way they wanted, but they also managed to keep the working classes out of their sport

28. Football was different?
After realising that the better players were unable to take time off work to play and that clubs had sufficient spectators to be able to pay players, the amateur football administrators had to accept professionalism in 1885 when the football league was established.
Chruch Teams – Fulham, Aston Villa, Birmingham city
Workplac Teams – Man Utd, West Ham Utd, Arsenal
School Teams – Blackburn Rovers, Sunderland, Leicester City

29. Differences between class was never more apparent in this period
Upper & middle classes becoming more affluent whilst working classes become more impoverished
Until late into the 20th century the following generalisations were made:
Professional performers – working classes
Agents/mangers/promoters (the businessmen) – middle classes
Sponsors/patrons – upper classes
A pro performer in 19th century had limted wages but was still better than a normal wage for the workign classes

30. The rise in media Income of the various agencies has increased
Those sports where amateurs & professionals coexist – the professional tends to play at a higher standard
Increased status of professional sportspeople – role models/media personalities
Now people aspire to emulate their sporting heroes – may be because of financial rewards but also for the social mobility that is much more possible today

31. Exam questions
Sport became more structured, organised and available in post-industrial Britain.
The Figure identifies the characteristics associated with post-industrial Britain.
Development in machine time state education
transport and communication
urbanisation Post-industrial Britain Emergence of middle class
Civilised lifestyle More law and order
(i) Outline the impact of the following on the development of sport;
development in transport and communications
emergence of middle classes. (5 marks)

32. Development in transport&
communications
Middle Classes
Rail allowed transport of teams and
spectators/horses/spectator sport
increase;
2. Competitions became regional and
national/leagues;
3. Access to countryside / rambling /
fishing/ climbing;
4. Roads development in cycling clubs;
5. Spread knowledge of sporting
heroes/role models;
6. Gave moral focus to sport/rational;
7. eg abiding by rules/ etiquette;
8. Banned popular recreations etc
mob football;
9. Organisers/ administers of sport
clubs / competitions/
NGB/amateur;
10. Used sport as social control of
w/c/works teams/time/rights;
11. Established their own sports for
their own identity eg lawn tennis /
cycling/more variety.