1. Chapter 1. The Crisis of Democratic Legitimacy: They Do Not Represent Us

2. Once upon a time there was democracy

3. Index Political confidence index 2001-2017
Economic confidence index
Evaluationof the political situation in Spain
Evolution of Spain’s main problems
Perception of corruption and fraud
Spanish people’s distrust of political parties I
Spanish people’s distrust of political parties II
Spanish people’s distrust of political parties by socio-professional category
Spanish people’s distrust of politicians
Spanish people’s dissatisfaction with the government/opposition system
Spanish people’s distrust of central government I
Spanish people’s distrust of central government II
Distrust of the autonomous (regional) parliament
Distrust of the national parliament
Spanish people’s distrust of the constitutional court
Spanish people’s distrust of the European Union
Spanish people’s distrust of the European Central Bank
Spanish people’s distrust of television
Spanish people’s distrust of the press
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

4. Political confidence index 2001 - 2017
Source: CIS.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

5. Economic confidence index 2001 - 2017
Source: CIS.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

6. Evaluation of the political situation in Spain (%)*
Source: CIS.
*Percentage of people surveyed who would describe the political situation in Spain as ‘bad’ or ‘very bad’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

7. Evolution of Spain’s main problems *
Unemployment
Housing
Corruption and fraud
Immigration
Terrorism, ETA
Financial issues
Politicians, political parties and politics in general
Source: CIS.
*Percentage of Spanish citizens who describe the issue as one of the three most major problems in Spain at the moment.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

8. Perception of corruption and fraud (%)*
Source: CIS.
Percentage of people surveyed who describe corruption and fraud as one of the three main problems in Spain. Data from May of each year.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

9. Spanish people’s distrust of political parties I (%)*
Source: CIS.
Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 4).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

10. Spanish people’s distrust of political parties II (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
Source: Eurobarometer.
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

11. Source: Eurobarometer.
Spanish people’s distrust of political parties by socio-professional category (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

12. Spanish people’s distrust of politicians (%)*
Source: European Social Survey, European Commission
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 4).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

13. Spanish people’s dissatisfaction with the government/opposition system (%)*
Management of the government
Main opposition party’s work
Source: CIS.
* Percentage of people surveyed who rate it as ‘Bad’ or ‘Very bad’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

14. Spanish people’s distrust of central government I (%)*
Source: CIS.
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 4).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

15. Spanish people’s distrust of central government II (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

16. Distrust of the autonomous (regional) parliament (%)*
Source: CIS.
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

17. Distrust in the national parliament (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

18. Spanish people’s distrust of the constitutional court (%)*
Source: CIS.
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

19. Spanish people’s distrust of the European Union (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

20. Spanish people’s distrust of the European Central Bank (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

21. Spanish people’s distrust of television (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

22. Spanish people’s distrust of the press (%)*
Source: Eurobarometer.
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
Once upon a time there was democracy
Manuel Castells: Rupture

23. The roots of wrath

24. Index Distrust of EU citizens in political parties
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in political parties
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in political parties
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in political parties
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in political parties
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in political parties
Distrust of citizens from a selection of global nations in political parties
Distrust of EU citizens in politicians
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in politicians
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in politicians
Public trust in politicians index – Executive opinion poll – Global regions
Public trust in politicians index – Executive opinion poll – Global nations
Distrust of EU citizens in national governments
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in national governments
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in national governments
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in national governments
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in national governments
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in national governments
Dissatisfaction of citizens of a selection of EU countries with their country’s governance
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

25. Index
Distrust of citizens from a selection of global countries in governments
Trust of citizens from a selection of global countries in governments
Dissatisfaction of citizens of a selection of global countries with governments’ national management
Dissatisfaction of citizens of a selection of global countries with their country’s governance
Distrust of citizens from a selection of global countries in their governments
Trust of citizens from a selection of global countries in their governments
Distrust of EU citizens in regional and local institutions
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in regional and local institutions
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in regional and local institutions
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in regional and local institutions
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in regional and local institutions
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in regional and local institutions
Distrust of EU citizens in their national parliament
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in their national parliament
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in their national parliament
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in their national parliament
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in their national parliament
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in their national parliament
Distrust of citizens of a selection of global countries in their national parliament
EU citizens’ perception of corruption in their country
EU citizens’ perception of corruption in national institutions/the European Union
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

26. Index EU citizens’ perception of corruption in national institutions
EU citizens’ perception of corruption in EU institutions
EU citizens’ perception of the inefficacy of the fight against corruption in their country
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of European countries
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in the Americas
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in North Africa and the Middle East
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in Asia (Pacific)
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in Central Asia
Perception of corruption by business leaders and senior executives in global regions
Perception of corruption by business leaders and senior executives in a selection of global countries
Distrust of EU citizens in the legal system
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in the legal system
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in the legal system
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in the legal system
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in the legal system
Distrust of EU citizens in the police
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in the police
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in the police
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in the police
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in the police
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

27. Distrust of EU citizens in political parties (%)*
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
75%
74%
76%
80%
81%
82%
78%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

28. Source: Eurobarometer, 2016.
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in political parties (%)*
Albania 67
France 90
Netherlands 60
Austria 68
Germany 64
Poland 78
Belgium 76
Greece 93
Portugal 81
Bulgaria 80
Hungary
Romania 77
Croatia 85
Ireland 72
Serbia 84
Cyprus
Italy 88
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Latvia
Slovenia 91
Denmark
Lithuania
Spain
Estonia 75
Luxembourg 49
Sweden 65
Finland
Malta 61
Turkey 59
Republic of Macedonia
Montenegro
United Kingdom
Source: Eurobarometer, 2016.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

29. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in political parties (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Germany
83%
71%
78%
64%
France
82%
85%
90%
Italy
75%
84%
88%
United Kingdom
86%
77%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

30. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in political parties (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Cyprus
68%
87%
85%
Greece
80%
94%
93%
Ireland
69%
74%
72%
Portugal
77%
79%
81%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

31. Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in political parties (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Denmark
53%
38%
62%
64%
Finland
70%
63%
65%
Netherlands
60%
55%
Sweden
67%
59%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

32. Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in political parties (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Czech Republic
85%
83%
88%
Hungary
70%
84%
81%
78%
Poland
89%
76%
Romania
68%
82%
86%
77%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

33. Distrust of citizens from a selection of global nations in political parties (%)*
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated ‘Quite a lot’ or ‘A lot of trust’
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated ‘Not much trust’ or ‘None at all’
28.2%
67.3%
Algeria 63
Germany 74
Netherlands 76
Spain 83
Argentina 81
Ghana 58
New Zealand
Sweden 55
Armenia 73
Haiti 92
Nigeria 69
Taiwan 71
Australia 85
Hong Kong
Pakistan 66
Thailand 59
Azerbaijan
India 57
Palestine 70
Trinidad and Tobago
Belarus 64
Iraq
Peru 87
Tunisia 88
Brazil
Japan 72
Philippines 51
Turkey 62
Chile 82
Jordan 75
Poland 86
Ukraine 78
China 13
Kazakhstan 45
Romania 84
United States
Colombia
Kyrgyzstan 49
Russia 67
Uruguay
Cyprus
Lebanon 68
Rwanda
Uzbekistan 14
Ecuador
Libya
Singapore 31
Yemen 79
Egypt
Malaysia 38
Slovenia 94
Zimbabwe 61
Estonia
Mexico
South Africa
Georgia
Morocco 65
South Korea
Source: World Values Survey, University of Michigan. Round 6 ( ). Total studied (58 countries).
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

34. Distrust of EU citizens in politicians (%)*
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014 76 79 81 84 77
Source: European Social Survey, European Commission
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

35. Source: European Social Survey, European Commission, 2014.
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in politicians (%)*
Austria
81.3
Hungary
83.2
Belgium
70.6
Ireland
81.8
Switzerland
52.6
Israel
85.4
Czech Republic
83.4
Lithuania
86.2
Germany
76.5
Netherlands
55.1
Denmark 57
Norway
51.6
Estonia 84
Poland 95
Spain 92
Portugal
Finland
61.8
Sweden
57.2
France
89.7
Slovenia
95.8
United Kingdom
80.2
Source: European Social Survey, European Commission, 2014.
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (“Total trust”). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

36. Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in politicians (%)*
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Germany
84.5
85.8
84.7
86.7
80.5
76.5
France
82.2
83.7
87.8
85.1
90.5
89.7
United Kingdom
78.2
81.7 83
82.8
81.6
80.7
80.2
Italy
81.9
93.1
Source: European Social Survey, European Commission
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

37. Source: European Social Survey, European Commission
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in political parties (%)*
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Cyprus
70.5
68.6
81.2
91.1
Greece
80.3
79.9
92.3
96.8
Ireland
78.9
75.3
76.3
84.7
89.6
85.4
81.8
Portugal
96.5 92
93.3
95.4 97
Source: European Social Survey, European Commission
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

38. Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in political parties (%)*
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Denmark
49.2
47.8
45.4
46.7
56.8
53.4 57
Finland
59.2
57.7
55.1
64.2
58.7
61.8
Netherlands
58.3
60.8 54
49.6
48.1
51.1
Sweden
63.2
71.7
68.3
65.8
56.9
62.2
57.2
Source: European Social Survey, European Commission
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (“Total trust”). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

39. Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in political parties (%)*
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Czech Republic
88.1
90.8
89.9
88.9
85.2
83.4
Hungary
79.7
90.9
91.3
94.9
85.7
80.2
83.2
Poland 93
96.8
95.3
95.7
91.7
94.4 95
Romania
81.3
Source: European Social Survey, European Commission
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

40. Public trust in politicians index – Executive opinion poll – Global regions
East Asia and the Pacific
Middle East and North Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
Europe and North America
Eurasia
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
3.8
3.7
3.0
3.6
3.2
Source: Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) of the World Economic Forum,
The trust index is the average taken from responses by executives , based on a scale to evaluate the ethical standards of their country’s politicians, from 1 (‘extremely low’) to 7 (‘extremely high’).
Note: Unlike other graphics, here the level of trust in politicians is given.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

41. Public trust in politicians index – Executive opinion poll – Global nations
Argentina
1.7
Israel
3.4
Saudi Arabia
5.2
Australia
4.5
Japan
4.4
South Africa
2.2
Brazil
1.3
Kenya
2.9
Tunisia
3.1
Canada
4.7
Korea, Rep.
2.5
Turkey
China
4.2
Mexico
1.8
Ukraine
2.8
Côte d'Ivoire
3.6
Morocco
United States
3.9
Egypt
New Zealand
5.9
Uruguay
Ghana
Pakistan
2.7
Venezuela
1.5
India
Philippines
2.4
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Russian Federation
3.3
Source: Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) of the World Economic Forum, .
The trust index is the average taken from responses by executives , based on a scale to evaluate the ethical standards of their country’s politicians, from 1 (‘extremely low’) to 7 (‘extremely high’).
Note: Unlike other graphics, here the level of trust in politicians is given.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

42. Distrust of EU citizens in national governments (%)*
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
61%
57%
63%
66%
70%
68%
72%
65%
64%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

43. Distrust of EU citizens in national governments (%)*
Albania
50%
France
79%
Netherlands
38%
Austria
54%
Germany
44%
Poland
67%
Belgium
56%
Greece
89%
Portugal
57%
Bulgaria
70%
Hungary
61%
Romania
66%
Croatia
71%
Ireland
Serbia
52%
Cyprus
60%
Italy
81%
Slovakia
62%
Czech Republic
Latvia
63%
Slovenia
80%
Denmark
51%
Lithuania
Spain
77%
Estonia
Luxembourg
25%
Sweden
41%
Finland
40%
Malta
37%
Turkey
32%
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Montenegro
United Kingdom
Source: Eurobarometer, 2016.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

44. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in national governments (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Germany
61%
49%
62%
44%
France
65%
66%
74%
79%
Italy
67%
80%
81%
United Kingdom
64%
75%
56%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

45. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in national governments (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Cyprus
30%
40%
65%
60%
Greece
45%
75%
90%
89%
Ireland
52%
71%
70%
56%
Portugal
66%
69%
57%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

46. Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in national governments (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Denmark
39%
37%
56%
51%
Finland
31%
43%
41%
40%
Netherlands
59%
38%
Sweden
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

47. Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in national governments
(%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Czech Republic
66%
70%
83%
Hungary
50%
80%
68%
61%
Poland
82%
71%
65%
67%
Romania
52%
72%
84%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

48. Source: Pew Global Attitudes & Trends.
Dissatisfaction of citizens of a selection of EU countries with their country’s governance (%)*
COUNTRY
2002
2006
2009
2012
2014
France 67 80 73 71 77
Germany 66 54 45 38
Greece - 98 95
Italy 70 87 90
Poland 62 69
Spain 46 88 91
United Kingdom 64 58 76 65 55
Source: Pew Global Attitudes & Trends.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they are dissatisfied.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

49. Distrust of citizens from a selection of global countries in governments (%)*
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated ‘Quite a lot’ or ‘A lot of trust’
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated ‘Not much trust’ or ‘None at all’
44.7%
52%
Source: World Value Survey, University of Michigan. Round 6 ( ). Total studied (60 countries).
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

50. Trust of citizens from a selection of global countries in governments (%)*
2015
2016
2017
41%
42%
Source: Edelman Trust Barometer, 2016 and Total studied (28 countries). .
*Trust scale from 0 (‘Absolutely no trust in them at all’) to 10 (‘Total trust’). Percentage of people surveyed who indicated low trust levels (from 0 to 5).
Note: Unlike other graphics, here the level of trust in governments is given.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

51. Dissatisfaction of citizens of a selection of global countries with governments’ national management
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated being satisfied
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated being dissatisfied
23%
52%
Source: IPSOS Global Trends Round 6 ( ). Total studied (22 countries).
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

52. Distrust of citizens from a selection of global countries in governments (%)*
Algeria 54
Germany
Morocco 49
South Africa 50
Argentina 66
Ghana 39
Netherlands 62
South Korea
Armenia 58
Haiti 93
New Zealand 46
Spain 78
Australia 68
Hong Kong 40
Nigeria
Sweden
Azerbaijan 20
India 45
Pakistan 61
Taiwan
Belarus 43
Iraq
Palestine
Thailand 44
Brazil
Japan 64
Peru 76
Trinidad and Tobago 60
Chile 65
Jordan
Philippines 42
Tunisia 75
China 7
Kazakhstan 25
Poland 80
Turkey
Colombia
Kuwait 36
Qatar 17
Ukraine
Cyprus 59
Kyrgyzstan
Romania 79
United States
Ecuador
Lebanon
Russia 47
Uruguay 38
Egypt
Libya 69
Rwanda 37
Uzbekistan 3
Estonia
Malaysia
Singapore
Yemen
Georgia 63
Mexico
Slovenia 90
Zimbabwe
Source: World Values Survey, University of Michigan. Round 6 ( ).
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

53. Source: Pew Global Attitudes & Trends.
Dissatisfaction of citizens of a selection of global countries with their country’s governance (%)*
Source: Pew Global Attitudes & Trends.
(*) Percentage of people surveyed who indicated being dissatisfied.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

54. Distrust of citizens from a selection of global countries in their governments (%)*
Source: World Values Survey, University of Michigan. Round 6 ( ).
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

55. Source: European Social Survey, European Comission.
Trust of citizens from a selection of global countries in their governments (%) *
Percentage of trust in 2014
Percentage difference since 2007
(1) Germany, (2) Israel, (3) Iceland, (4) Slovakia, (5) Japan, (6) Switzerland, (7) South Korea, (8) Hungary, (9) Czech Republic, (10) Poland, (11) UK, (12) New Zealand, (13) Norway, (14) Italy, (15) Turkey, (16) Sweden, (17) Estonia, (18) OECD, (19) USA, (20) Australia, (21) Mexico, (22) Austria, (23) France, (24) Chile, (25) Netherlands, (26) Belgium, (27) Denmark, (28) Luxembourg, (29) Ireland, (30) Canada, (31) Greece, (32) Portugal, (33) Spain, (34) Finland, (35) Slovenia, (36) Russia, (37) Indonesia, (38) Brazil, (39) Latvia, (40) India, (41) Colombia, (42) South Africa.
Source: European Social Survey, European Comission.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated trust in their national government. Data arranged in descending order based on the difference in values between 2007 and The data for Chile, Hungary and Iceland are from 2013 and not 2014.
Note: Unlike other graphics, here the trust in governments is given. Statlink:
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

56. Distrust of EU citizens in regional and local institutions (%)*
2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
44%
46%
48%
50%
51%
47%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

57. Source: Eurobarometer, 2016.
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in regional and local institutions (%)*
Albania
49%
France
45%
Malta
37%
Austria
32%
Greece
71%
Netherlands
Belgium
42%
Croatia
Poland
48%
Bulgaria
60%
Hungary
46%
Portugal
51%
Cyprus
56%
Ireland
Romania
58%
Czech Republic
47%
Italy
77%
Serbia
73%
Germany
21%
Lithuania
50%
Sweden
30%
Denmark
25%
Luxembourg
18%
Slovenia
59%
Estonia
34%
Latvia
38%
Slovakia
Spain
62%
Montenegro
55%
Turkey
Finland
27%
FYR of Macedonia
70%
United Kingdom
43%
Source: Eurobarometer, 2016.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

58. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in regional and local institutions (%)*
2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Germany
65%
57%
61%
63%
64%
73%
France
62%
56%
53%
52%
51%
45%
49%
Italy
25%
29%
20%
14%
21%
19%
United Kingdom
47%
44%
43%
48%
42%
46%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

59. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in regional and local institutions (%)*
2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Cyprus
36%
45%
57%
58%
68%
70%
56%
Greece
66%
69%
79%
77%
75%
78%
82%
71%
Ireland
50%
61%
55%
42%
Portugal
49%
54%
47%
51%
60%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

60. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in regional and local institutions (%)*
2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Denmark
28%
27%
26%
25%
Finland
35%
31%
29%
Netherlands
33%
36%
34%
37%
39%
32%
Sweden
30%
22%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

61. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in regional and local institutions (%)*
2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Czech Republic
48%
46%
51%
52%
50%
53%
47%
Hungary
45%
32%
42%
39%
Poland
43%
49%
Romania
55%
60%
57%
58%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

62. Distrust of EU citizens in their national parliament (%)*
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
57%
55%
58%
61%
62%
66%
69%
63%
64%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

63. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens from a selection of European countries in their national parliament (%)*
Albania
48%
Macedonia
65%
Netherlands
35%
Austria
45%
Germany
39%
Poland
70%
Belgium
53%
Greece
87%
Portugal
61%
Bulgaria
77%
Hungary
66%
Romania
74%
Croatia
73%
Ireland
54%
Serbia
Cyprus
68%
Italy
81%
Slovakia
62%
Czech Republic
78%
Latvia
Slovenia
83%
Denmark
37%
Lithuania
Spain
Estonia
56%
Luxembourg
29%
Sweden
30%
Finland
Malta
38%
Turkey
34%
France
Montenegro
52%
United Kingdom
51%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

64. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in their national parliament (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Germany
54%
47%
50%
39%
France
53%
58%
66%
74%
Italy
59%
65%
76%
81%
United Kingdom
75%
70%
51%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

65. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in their national parliament (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Cyprus
31%
41%
67%
68%
Greece
36%
86%
87%
Ireland
48%
66%
69%
54%
Portugal
49%
56%
71%
61%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

66. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in their national parliament (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Denmark
24%
21%
35%
37%
Finland
30%
36%
39%
Netherlands
47%
Sweden
32%
27%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

67. Source: Eurobarometer.
Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in their national parliament (%)*
2004
2009
2011
2016
Czech Republic
75%
78%
87%
Hungary
52%
79%
66%
Poland
68%
70%
Romania
60%
76%
83%
74%
Source: Eurobarometer.
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

68. Distrust of citizens of a selection of global countries in their national parliament (%)*
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated ‘Quite a lot’ or ‘A lot of trust’
Percentage of people surveyed who indicated ‘Not much trust’ or ‘None at all’
37.8%
57.2%
Algeria 58
Germany 54
Morocco 56
South Africa 53
Argentina 71
Ghana 44
Netherlands 60
South Korea 74
Armenia 70
Haiti 81
New Zealand 55
Spain 62
Australia 69
Hong Kong
Nigeria
Sweden 38
Azerbaijan 36
India 37
Pakistan
Taiwan 65
Belarus 50
Iraq 72
Palestine 61
Thailand 49
Brazil 77
Japan 67
Peru 87
Trinidad and Tobago
Chile 73
Jordan
Philippines 40
Tunisia 83
China 12
Kazakhstan 33
Poland
Turkey 42
Colombia 78
Kuwait 48
Qatar 14
Ukraine 80
Cyprus
Kyrgyzstan
Romania
United States
Ecuador
Lebanon 63
Russia 59
Uruguay
Egypt
Libya
Rwanda 35
Uzbekistan 5
Estonia
Malaysia 31
Singapore 25
Yemen
Georgia 66
Mexico
Slovenia 92
Zimbabwe 52
Source: World Values Survey, University of Michigan. Round 6 ( ). Total studied (60 countries).
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

69. EU citizens’ perception of corruption in their country (%)*
Belgium
67%
Italy
97%
Portugal
90%
Bulgaria
84%
Cyprus
78%
Romania
93%
Czech Republic
95%
Latvia
83%
Slovenia
91%
Denmark
20%
Lithuania
Slovakia
Germany
59%
Luxembourg
42%
Finland
29%
Estonia
65%
Hungary
89%
Sweden
44%
Ireland
81%
Malta UK
64%
Greece
99%
Netherlands
61%
Croatia
94%
Spain
Austria
66%
EU27
76%
France
68%
Poland
82%
Source: Eurobarometer 397 (2013).
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicate that corruption is ‘quite’ or ‘very common’ in their country.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

70. National Institutions
EU citizens’ perception of corruption in national institutions/the European Union (%)*
National Institutions
EU Institutions
2009
83%
76%
2011
79%
73%
2013
80%
70%
Source: Eurobarometer
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated being ‘totally’ or ‘somewhat in agreement’ with: ‘There is corruption in national institutions in (our country)’ and ‘There is corruption in EU institutions’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

71. EU citizens’ perception of corruption in national institutions (%)*
2009
2011
2013
Belgium
82%
75%
74%
Italy
89%
95%
93%
Portugal
91%
86%
Bulgaria
94%
Cyprus
88%
Romania
87%
Czech Rep
96%
Latvia
90%
81%
Slovenia
97%
Denmark
35%
25%
38%
Lithuania
84%
Slovakia
92%
Germany
80%
70%
Luxembourg
55%
47%
61%
Finland
68%
50%
51%
Estonia
76%
Hungary
72%
Sweden
60%
64%
67%
Ireland
Malta
69% UK
73%
Greece
98%
99%
Netherlands
56%
39%
57%
Croatia
Spain
Austria
66%
85%
France
83%
Poland
78%
Source: Eurobarometer
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated being ‘totally’ or ‘somewhat in agreement’ with: ‘There is corruption in national institutions in (our country)’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

72. EU citizens’ perception of corruption in EU institutions (%)*
2009
2011
2013
Belgium
79%
77%
71%
Italy
73%
75%
Portugal
80%
84%
59%
Bulgaria
63%
57%
41%
Cyprus
65%
69%
66%
Romania
58%
56%
37%
Czech Rep
76%
Latvia
49%
Slovenia
85%
68%
Denmark
72%
Lithuania
60%
Slovakia
67%
70%
Germany
81%
82%
Luxembourg
Finland
64%
Estonia
50%
Hungary
78%
74%
52%
Sweden
Ireland
Malta
39% UK
Greece
Netherlands
Croatia
Spain
83%
Austria
87%
France
Poland
48%
Source: Eurobarometer
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated being ‘totally’ or ‘somewhat in agreement’ with: ‘There is corruption in EU institutions.’
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

73. Source: Eurobarometer
EU citizens’ perception of the inefficacy of the fight against corruption in their country (%)*
2009
2011
2013
Belgium
61%
65%
54%
Italy
59%
71%
Portugal
38%
Bulgaria
76%
68%
Cyprus
74%
77%
Romania
48%
67%
46%
Czech Rep
78%
85%
80%
Latvia
63%
Slovenia
72%
88%
84%
Denmark
57%
49%
Lithuania
73%
Slovakia
83%
Germany
62%
53%
Luxembourg
50%
45%
Finland
40%
Estonia
44%
Hungary
75%
Sweden
Ireland
58%
66%
Malta UK
Greece
Netherlands
55%
Croatia
Spain
70%
Austria
EU27
France
Poland
56%
Source: Eurobarometer
*Percentage of people surveyed who indicated being ‘totally’ or ‘somewhat in agreement’ with: ‘There are sufficient judicial controls in (our country) to dissuade people from giving or receiving bribes’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

74. Source: Transparency International.
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of European countries
2016 Rank
Country
2016 IPC
2015 IPC
2014 IPC
2013 IPC
2012 IPC 17
Austria 75 76 72 69 38
Lithuania 59 61 58 57 54 15
Belgium 77 47
Malta 55 56 83
Bosnia-Herzegovina 39 42 64
Montenegro 45 44 41
Bulgaria 43 8
Netherlands 87 84
Croatia 49 51 48 46 6
Norway 85 86
Cyprus 63 66 29
Poland 62 60
Czech Republic
Portugal 1
Denmark 90 91 92
Romania 22
Estonia 70 68
Serbia 40 3
Finland 89
Slovakia 50 23
France 71 31
Slovenia 10
Germany 81 79 78
Spain 65
Greece 36 4
Sweden 88
Hungary 5
Switzerland 14
Iceland 82
Macedonia 37 19
Ireland 73 74
131
Ukraine 27 26 25
Italy
United Kingdom
Source: Transparency International.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

75. Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in the Americas
2016 Rank
País
2016 IPC
2015 IPC
2014 IPC
2013 IPC
2012 IPC 9
Canada 82 83 81 84 90
Colombia 37 36 18
United States 74 76 73 95
Argentina 32 34 35 21
Uruguay 71 72
El Salvador 39 38 24
Bahamas 66
N/A
101
Peru
Chile 70
Trinidad and Tobago 31
Barbados 61 75
108
Guyana 29 30 27 28
Saint Lucia 60
113
Bolivia 33
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 67 62
120
Dominican Republic
Dominica 59 58
Ecuador 41
Costa Rica 55 54 53
123
Honduras 26 46
Grenada 56
Mexico
Cuba 47 48
Paraguay 25 64
Suriname 45
136
Guatemala 79
Brazil 40 43 42
145
Nicaragua
Jamaica
159
Haiti 20 17 19 87
Panama
166
Venezuela
Source: Transparency International.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

76. Source: Transparency International.
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in North Africa and the Middle East
2016 Rank
Country
2016 IPC
2015 IPC
2014 IPC
2013 IPC
2012 IPC 24
United Arab Emirates 66 70 69 68
108
Algeria 34 36 28
Israel 64 61 60
Egypt 37 32 31
Qatar 71
131
Iran 29 27 25 57
Jordan 48 53 49 45
136
Lebanon 30 62
Saudi Arabia 46 52 44
142
Mauritania
Oman 47
166
Iraq 17 16 18
Bahrain 43 51
170
Libya 14 15 21 75
Kuwait 41
Sudan 12 11 13
Tunisia 38 40
Yemen 19 23 90
Morocco 39
173
Syria 20 26
Source: Transparency International.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

77. Source: Transparency International.
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in Asia (Pacific)
2016 Rank
País
2016 IPC
2015 IPC
2014 IPC
2013 IPC
2012 IPC 1
New Zealand 90 88 91 95
Maldives 36 7
Singapore 84 85 86 87
Sri Lanka 37 38 40 13
Australia 79 80 81
101
Philippines 35 34 15
Hong Kong 77 75 74
Thailand 20
Japan 72 76
Timor-Leste 28 30 33 27
Bhutan 65 63
113
Vietnam 31
Taiwan 61 62
116
Pakistan 32 29 41
Brunei 58 60 55
123
Laos 25 26 21 52
Korea (South) 53 56
131
Nepal
Malaysia 49 50
136
Myanmar 22
Solomon Islands 42
Papua New Guinea
China 39
145
Bangladesh
India
156
Cambodia
Mongolia
169
Afghanistan 11 12 8
Indonesia
174
Korea (North)
Source: Transparency International.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

78. Source: Transparency International.
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
2016 Rank
País
2016 IPC
2015 IPC
2014 IPC
2013 IPC
2012 IPC 35
Botswana 60 63 64 65
123
Sierra Leone 30 29 31 38
Cape Verde 59 55 57 58
136
Nigeria 28 26 27 25 50
Mauritius 54 53 52
142
Guinea 24
Rwanda 49
Mozambique
Namibia 48
145
Cameroon
Senegal 45 44 43 41 36
Gambia 34
South Africa 42
Kenya 70
Ghana 47 46
Madagascar 32 72
Burkina Faso
151
Uganda 87
Zambia 37
154
Zimbabwe 22 21 20 90
Liberia
156
Dem. Rep. of Congo
101
Niger 33
159
Cen. African Republic
108
Côte d´Ivoire
Republic of Congo 23
Ethiopia
164
Angola 18 15 19
116
Mali
168
Guinea-Bissau 16 17
Tanzania
175
South Sudan 11 14
N/A
Togo
176
Somalia 10 8
Source: Transparency International.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

79. Source: Transparency International.
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) of a selection of countries in Central Asia
2016 Rank
País
2016 IPC
2015 IPC
2014 IPC
2013 IPC
2012 IPC 44
Georgia 57 52 49 75
Turkey 41 42 45 50 79
Belarus 40 32 31 29
123
Azerbaijan 30 28 27
Moldova 33 35 36
131
Kazakhstan 26
Russia
136
Kyrgyzstan 24
151
Tajikistan 25 23 22
154
Turkmenistan 18 17
156
Uzbekistan 21 19
Source: Transparency International.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

80. Source: Company survey, World Bank group.
Perception of corruption by business leaders and senior executives in global regions
Incidence of bribery (percentage of companies experiencing at least one request for a bribe payment
Percentage of companies which expect to give gifts in meetings with tax public servants
All countries
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
High income [non-OECD]
High income [OECD]
Latin America & the Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Source: Company survey, World Bank group.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

81. Perception of corruption by business leaders and senior executives in a selection of global countries
Incidence of bribery (percentage of companies experiencing at least one request for a bribe payment)
Percentage of companies which expect to give gifts in meetings with tax public servants
Percentage of companies which identify corruption as a significant limitation
Brazil (2009)
11.7
8.3
68.8
Poland (2013)
1.9
2.1 13
China (2012)
11.6
10.9
0.9
Portugal (2005)
n.a.
52.1
15.4
Croatia (2013)
3.9
19.1
Romania (2013)
9.8
6.8
46.1
Egypt, Arab Rep. (2013)
17.4
9.4 59
Russian Federation (2012)
14.2
7.3
33.1
Germany (2005)
14.8
Slovak Republic (2013)
4.4
2.5 19
Greece (2005)
55.9 10
Slovenia (2013)
0.2
0.3
12.2
Hungary (2013) 11
South Africa (2007)
4.2
3.1
16.9
India (2014)
22.7
15.3
35.8
South Sudan (2014) 48
30.6
40.1
Indonesia (2015)
21.6
13.6
Spain (2005)
14.3
7.8
Ireland (2005) 3
Sweden (2014)
2.7
Korea, Rep. (2005)
21.3
8.5
Turkey (2013)
5.4
1.2
12.1
Latvia (2013)
3.5
7.7
Uganda (2013) 22
Lithuania (2013)
10.4
26.5
Ukraine (2013)
50.4 50
37.7
Macedonia, FYR (2013)
7.5
2.4
13.3
Uruguay (2010)
2.2
1.8
21.1
Mexico (2010)
17.6
Venezuela, R.B. (2010)
10.3
6.4
38.4
Pakistan (2013)
30.8
28.8
68.3
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

82. Distrust of EU citizens in the legal system (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
49%
47%
48%
44%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

83. Distrust of EU citizens in the legal system (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Germany
36%
39%
34%
27%
France
56%
48%
50%
51%
Italy
53%
59%
52%
63%
United Kingdom
45%
41%
30%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

84. Source: Eurobarometer
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in the legal system (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Cyprus
31%
39%
50%
Greece
56%
47%
Ireland
44%
49%
33%
Portugal
59%
52%
68%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

85. Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in the legal system (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Denmark
16%
18%
14%
13%
Finland
25%
15%
21%
Netherlands
38%
32%
19%
Sweden
35%
22%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

86. Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in the legal system (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Czech Republic
61%
62%
51%
Hungary
Poland
77%
55%
53%
49%
Romania
63%
68%
56%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

87. Distrust of EU citizens in the police (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
31%
30%
25%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

88. Distrust of citizens of Europe’s major economies in the police (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Germany
16%
17%
19%
13%
France
36%
33%
34%
20%
Italy
29%
35%
United Kingdom
24%
30%
27%
22%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

89. Source: Eurobarometer
Distrust of citizens of countries receiving a financial bailout in the police (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Cyprus
34%
36%
45%
44%
Greece
47%
46%
33%
Ireland
30%
22%
19%
Portugal
31%
39%
26%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

90. Distrust of citizens of Northern Europe in the police (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Denmark
11%
10% 9%
Finland 8%
Netherlands
33%
25%
18%
Sweden
24%
22%
17%
21%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture

91. Distrust of citizens of Eastern Europe in the police (%)*
2004
2008
2010
2016
Czech Republic
58%
57%
51%
36%
Hungary
34%
49%
37%
Poland
52%
42%
39%
31%
Romania
56%
48%
Source: Eurobarometer
* Percentage of people surveyed who indicated that they ‘Tend not to trust’.
1. THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY: THEY DO NOT REPRESENT US
The roots of wrath
Manuel Castells: Rupture